Why does your skin remain red after a bad sunburn?
Inflammation causes increased blood flow.
Damaged epidermis cells are sloughed off.
Loss of sweat glands in the dermal layer
Blisters form, lifting the epidermal layer.
answer
Inflammation causes increased blood flow.
question
Why would a third-degree burn be less painful than a first- or second-degree burn involving the same body area?
Inflammatory fluids disrupt nerve endings.
destruction of underlying pain receptors
Localized dehydration results in less pain.
Intense heat alters sensory nerve fibers.
answer
Destruction of underlying pain receptors
question
Which layer is composed primarily of dense irregular connective tissue?
answer
Layer C consists primarily of dense, interwoven fibers of collagen designed to resist tearing from any direction.
question
Layers B and C collectively form the __________.
epidermis
subcutaneous layer
dermis
hypodermis
answer
Dermis
Although layers B and C can be distinguished based on their structural components, they form a continuous layer of the skin termed the dermis.
question
Which of the following terms describes layer D?
reticular
subcutaneous
papillary
epidermal
answer
subcutaneous
The hypodermis ("under the skin") layer is also referred to as the subcutaneous region.
question
Which of the following correctly describes a common feature of all structures labeled A through D in the figure?
Section of the integument with labeled accessory structures.
Structures A, B, C, and D are all various types of glands.
Structures A, B, C, and D are located in the dermis.
Structures A, B, C, and D are composed primarily of smooth muscle.
All the listed statements correctly describe structures A, B, C, and D.
answer
Structures A, B, C, and D are located in the dermis.
Each of the labeled structures is located within the dermal layer of the skin.
question
What is the function of the secretion from A?
to lubricate hair and prevent infection
to waterproof the epidermis
to cool the body
to provide nourishment for the cells in the hair
answer
to lubricate hair and prevent infection
Structure A produces sebum, an oily secretion that coats the hairs and prevents infectious agents from penetrating the hair shaft.
question
Which structure is a type of sweat gland?
answer
Structure C is an eccrine gland, the most abundant type of sweat (sudoriferous) gland.
question
What is the function of structure B?
storage of fat
detection of pressure stimulus
secretion of sweat
production of defensive chemicals
answer
detection of pressure stimulus
Structure B is a lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscle that responds to cutaneous contacts involving deep pressure.
question
Which of the following is NOT a layer of the epidermis?
stratum corneum
basal layer
stratum granulosum
reticular layer
answer
Reticular layer
There isn't a stratum reticulum. The epidermis of thick skin consists of 5 layers. From deep to superficial, these layers are stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum. (Study tip: Try the mnemonic BSGLC--Betty's Skin Glows Like Candles.) Thin skin lacks the stratum lucidum; thus, it consists of only the four major layers.
question
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
Keratinocytes produce a fibrous protein to protect the epidermis.
Tactile cells anchor the skin to the body.
Langerhans cells activate the immune system.
Melanin provides protection against ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
answer
Tactile cells anchor the skin to the body.
This is the incorrect statement. Tactile cells, in conjunction with their sensory nerve endings, function as touch receptors. The hypodermis, not tactile cells, anchors skin to the body.
question
Keratin protects skin cell DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Is this statement true or false?
True
False
answer
False
Keratin helps to provide a water barrier for the integument.
Melanin absorbs and dissipates the harmful UV rays that can damage the DNA of your skin cells. Keratin is a fibrous protein that helps to protect skin from abrasion.
question
Pigment can be found in several layers of the epidermis. In which layers would you expect to find the cells that produce melanin?
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
stratum lucidum
answer
Stratum basale
Between 10 and 25% of the cells in the stratum basale are melanocytes that produce the melanin.
question
Which stratum of the epidermis contains the stem cells responsible for regenerating the more superficial layers?
stratum corneum
stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
answer
Stratum basale
The stratum basale is the deepest layer of the epidermis and consists of one layer of actively mitotic stem cells. The stem cells in this layer generate the cells that will migrate to the more superficial layers: spinosum, granulosum, and corneum.
question
Which type of cell is NOT found in the epidermis?
dendritic cells
keratinocytes
pain receptors
melanocytes
answer
Pain receptors
Pain receptors are found deeper in the papillary layer of the dermis.
question
Which skin pigment is made in the skin as a natural defense against UV radiation?
carotene
melanin
keratin
hemoglobin
answer
Melanin
Melanin is the only one of the three pigments (melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin) that contribute to skin color that is actually produced in the skin itself.
question
What is the most common cell type in the epidermis?
fibroblasts
keratinocytes
macrophages
dendritic cells
answer
Keratinocytes
Keratinocytes are the primary cells that form the stratified layers of the epidermis.
question
Cell division would be most common among cells in which of the labeled layers?
answer
D
Cells migrate upwards through the epidermis after being generated by mitosis in the stratum basale.
question
Layer B is composed primarily of __________.
simple squamous epithelium
areolar connective tissue
dense regular connective tissue
dense irregular connective tissue
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Correct
answer
Areolar connective tissue
The loose connective tissue within the papillary layer of the dermis is rich in blood vessels and cells that function in the body's defenses.
question
Which of these is NOT a function of the layer at D?
to store energy
to insulate the body from heat loss
to supply cells to replace those lost from the epidermis
to loosely connect the skin to underlying tissue
answer
To supply cells to replace those lost from the epidermis
The hypodermis does not perform this function. Cells to replace those lost in the epidermis are provided by the basal cells of the epidermis itself.
question
The skin is permeable to organic solvents, such as acetone or turpentine, because they ________.
can dissolve the lipid bilayers of epidermal and dermal cell plasma membranes
are small molecules that bypass skin cells and therefore directly enter the blood
solubilize the skin's keratin filaments
solubilize the skin's collagen fibers
answer
Can dissolve the lipid bilayers of epidermal and dermal cell plasma membranes
Organic solvents are carbon-based substances that are capable of dissolving or dispersing one or more other substances like the phospholipids of the plasma membrane.
question
The source of the fluid that accumulates in a blister is________.
water that is absorbed from the environment into the skin
water that is squeezed out of the overlying epidermal cells
the plasma of the blood flowing through the numerous dermal blood vessels
none of the above
answer
The plasma of the blood flowing through the numerous dermal blood vessels
The epidermis is avascular but highly innervated; the underlying dermis lacks the number of nerve endings but is rich in blood vessels.
question
During cold weather, blood vessels located in the dermis undergo vasoconstriction restricting blood flow into the skin. This produces additional body heat by routing blood to what effector organ?
skeletal muscle
smooth muscle
brain
cardiac muscle
answer
Skeletal muscle
question
A Caucasian patient with pale skin is treated for low blood pressure with medication that elevates the blood pressure; however, the skin's pallor does not change. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the pallor in this patient?
respiratory disease that results in the blood being poorly oxygenated
the presence of hematomas in the skin
hypertension caused by excessive use of the medication
Anemia
answer
Anemia
Red blood cells (RBCs) help give blood its color. Anemia is a set of signs and symptoms that appear when a person does not have enough healthy RBCs. Pallor, or paleness, is a sign/symptom of anemia because the blood vessels in the dermal layer lack normal RBCs.
question
If a large number of whiteheads appear on the skin of the forehead, which of the following would result?
fine hairs on the forehead would become brittle
the forehead's skin would become dry
bacteria on the forehead's skin would grow and multiply freely
all of the above
answer
all of the above
question
When a patient is said to have "third-degree burns," this indicates that the patient has burns that cover approximately one-third or more of the body.
True or False
answer
False
question
When an individual is exposed to extremely low air temperatures, the dermal blood vessels will dilate so that blood and heat will be dissipated.
True or False
answer
False
question
The structural unit of spongy bone is called ________.
A) osteons
B) lamellar bone
C) trabeculae
D) osseous lamellae
answer
C) trabeculae
question
The vomer forms part of the nasal septum.
True or False
answer
True
question
Hair growth and density are influenced by hormones, nutrition, and, in some cases, lifestyle.
True or False
answer
True
question
The apocrine sweat glands are fairly unimportant in thermoregulation.
True or False
answer
True
question
A physician is often able to detect homeostatic imbalances in the body by observing changes in the skin color.
True or False
answer
True
question
Which of these glands is properly matched with its mode of secretion?
A; holocrine
A; merocrine
C; apocrine
C; holocrine
answer
A; holocrine
The gland at A secretes an oily material rich in lipids but does not do it through the use of vesicles and exocytosis.
question
What feature of the prickle cells in layer C causes them to have pointy projections after tissue preparation?
glycolipids that make the layer waterproof
their desmosome attachments
pulling by shrunken keratin fibers between the cells
the rigidity of the cell membrane
answer
their desmosome attachments
Cells typically shrink during tissue preparation, and since these cells are attached by desmosomes, the membranes are pulled slightly outward.
question
Which skin-color-associated, pigment-producing cell is located in the labeled layer D?
fibroblast
melanocyte
tactile (Merkel) cell
keratinocyte
answer
melanocyte
Melanocytes within the stratum basale produce the pigment melanin, which is deposited within the deeper layers of the epidermis.
question
What is the structure indicated by label E?
a hair root
the hypodermis
a dermal papilla
the stratum corneum
answer
a dermal papilla
Dermal papillae are projections of the dermis that form indentations in the overlying epidermis.
question
A
Cell of this layer are dead and do not participate in mitosis.
answer
Which of these epidermal layers would be LEAST likely to develop cancer?
question
What are the most important factors influencing hair growth?
nutrition and hormones
sex and hormones
age and glandular products
the size and number of hair follicles
answer
nutrition and hormones
question
In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin?
The cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy.
It absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases.
It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.
answer
It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.
question
The skin is not able to receive stimuli because the cells of the epidermis are not living and therefore there are no sensory receptors in the skin.
True
False
answer
False
question
Joe just burned himself on a hot pot. and the burn is quite painful. Joe's burn would best be described as a third-degree burn.
True
False
answer
False
question
Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer.
Basal cell carcinomas are the least common but most malignant.
Most tumors that arise on the skin are malignant.
Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the stratum corneum.
Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.
answer
Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.
question
Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?
through blood analysis
by using the "rule of nines"
by measuring urinary output and fluid intake
by observing the tissues that are usually moist
answer
by using the "rule of nines"
question
Which layer of the epidermis will be supplied with the highest levels of oxygen from the blood?
stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum corneum
answer
stratum basale
question
Thick skin has a more extensive dermal layer than thin skin.
True
False
answer
False
question
A surgeon opens her patient by cutting the integument parallel to the cleavage lines of the dermis (tension lines). This will result in ________.
greater chance of infection
less chance for infection
faster healing of the skin and less scarring
slowed healing and grater scarring
answer
faster healing of the skin and less scarring
question
William has a cut that is superficial, painful but not bleeding. Based on this information you would predict that the cut has penetrated to ________.
the papillary layer but not the reticular layer
the subcutaneous layer, but no deeper
the stratum corneum but not the stratum granulosum
the stratum basale but not the dermal layers
answer
the stratum basale but not the dermal layers
question
A patient has skin that is slightly blue in color. A likely treatment for this person might be ________.
encouraging the patient to eat more orange colored vegetables (rich in beta carotene)
giving the patient supplemental oxygen by mask
exposing the patient to more sunlight.
increasing fluids through IV therapy
answer
A patient has skin that is slightly blue in color. A likely treatment for this person might be ________.
question
The arrector pili muscle's predominant, useful function in humans is to ________.
stimulating faster hair growth
preventing germs from entering the hair shaft
provide warmth by making the hair stand on end
assisting in the release of sebum from nearby sebaceous glands
answer
assisting in the release sebum from nearby sebaceous glands
question
Which layer of skin is LEAST protected by melanin?
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum corneum
stratum basale
answer
stratum corneum
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