A&P Chapter 5

25 July 2022
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question
Which of the following is NOT a layer of the epidermis? stratum granulosum stratum reticulum stratum basale stratum corneum
answer
stratum reticulum
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Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? Langerhans cells activate the immune system. Melanin provides protection against ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Tactile cells anchor the skin to the body. Keratinocytes produce a fibrous protein to protect the epidermis.
answer
Tactile cells anchor the skin to the body.
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The skin consists of two main regions. From deep to superficial they are the ________. dermis and epidermis hypodermis and dermis epidermis and dermis hypodermis and epidermis
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dermis and epidermis
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Which structures of the dermis give rise to friction ridges (fingerprints)? flexure lines dermal ridges epidermal ridges dermal papillae
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dermal ridges
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The ________ is a thin translucent band found only in thick skin. stratum spinosum stratum lucidum stratum basale stratum granulosum
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stratum lucidum
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A Caucasian patient with pale skin is treated for low blood pressure with medication that elevates the blood pressure; however, the skin's pallor does not change. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the pallor in this patient? respiratory disease that results in the blood being poorly oxygenated the presence of hematomas in the skin hypertension caused by excessive use of the medication Anemia
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Anemia
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Which stratum of the epidermis is responsible for regenerating the more superficial layers? stratum granulosum stratum basale stratum corneum stratum spinosum
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stratum basale
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Which layer of the dermis is directly below the epidermis? hypodermis papillary layer reticular layer stratum basale
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papillary layer
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Which skin pigment is made in the skin itself? carotene hemoglobin keratin melanin
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Melanin
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Earwax is made by ________. melanocytes keratinocytes sebaceous glands ceruminous glands
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ceruminous glands
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Sebum does NOT ________. slow water loss from the skin during low humidity conditions protect the skin from the damaging effects of UV radiation lubricate the skin protect the skin from bacteria
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protect the skin from the damaging effects of UV radiation
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Which of the following represents a difference between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands? Eccrine sweat glands begin to function at puberty, while apocrine sweat glands function throughout life. Eccrine sweat glands use exocytosis to make secretions, while apocrine sweat glands do not. Eccrine sweat glands are located deeper in the dermis than apocrine sweat glands. The secretions of apocrine sweat glands contain more fat and protein than do the secretions of eccrine sweat glands.
answer
The secretions of apocrine sweat glands contain more fat and protein than do the secretions of eccrine sweat glands.
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Sweat is secreted by ________. mammary glands ceruminous glands sebaceous glands sudoriferous glands
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sudoriferous glands
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What is the role of the hair matrix? The hair matrix serves as a sensory receptor. The hair matrix allows hair to "stand-on-end" or become erect. The hair matrix produces hair. The hair matrix serves as an anchor for the hair shaft.
answer
The hair matrix produces hair.
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Which of the following best explains the fact that eyebrows do not grow as long as the hair on the head? The hair of the eyebrows does not have a cuticle, but the hair on the head does have a cuticle. The hair follicles of the eyebrows are not responsive to androgens; hair follicles in the scalp are responsive to androgens. The hair follicles of the eyebrows exhibit a resting phase, but the hair follicles in the scalp do not. The hair follicles of the eyebrows do not have a hair matrix; the hair follicles in the scalp do have a hair matrix. The hair follicles of the eyebrows are active for only a few months before becoming inactive; the hair follicles in the scalp are active for years before becoming inactive.
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The hair follicles of the eyebrows are active for only a few months before becoming inactive; the hair follicles in the scalp are active for years before becoming inactive.
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Hair and nails are made primarily of calcium. T/F
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False
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If a large number of whiteheads appear on the skin of the forehead, which of the following would result? fine hairs on the forehead would become brittle the forehead's skin would become dry bacteria on the forehead's skin would grow and multiply freely all of the above
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All of the above
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In a woman that has hirsutism, ________. the keratin filaments in hair undergo cell division to thicken the hair androgens stimulate vellus hair to become terminal hair the cuticles in the visible portions of hair shafts undergo extensive cell division none of the above
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androgens stimulate vellus hair to become terminal hair
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Which skin appendages aid in cooling the body to prevent overheating on a hot day or during intense exercise? ceruminous glands sebaceous glands eccrine sweat glands apocrine sweat glands
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eccrine sweat glands
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Sam is so cold that he has "goose bumps." What causes goose bumps? skin folds in the reticular layer of the dermis hypodermal activity arrector pili muscles pulling hair follicles into an upright position skin folds at the papillary region of the dermis
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arrector pili muscles pulling hair follicles into an upright position
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Which of the following does NOT protect the skin from bacteria? defensins the low pH of the skin cathelicidins dermcidin the temperature of the skin
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the temperature of the skin
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In the presence of sunlight, modified cholesterol is converted into Vitamin D precursors in the skin. T/F
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True
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Our skin helps us to regulate our body temperature. T/F
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True
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The skin is permeable to organic solvents, such as acetone or turpentine, because they ________. can dissolve the lipid bilayers of epidermal and dermal cell plasma membranes are small molecules that bypass skin cells and therefore directly enter the blood solubilize the skin's keratin filaments solubilize the skin's collagen fibers
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can dissolve the lipid bilayers of epidermal and dermal cell plasma membranes
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Which of the following is a metabolic function of skin? elimination of nitrogenous wastes synthesis of a vitamin D precursor cutaneous sensation body temperature regulation
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synthesis of a vitamin D precursor
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The skin is NOT a ________ barrier? chemical biological physical metabolic
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metabolic
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The most dangerous type of skin cancer is ________. melanoma basal cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma All of these skin cancers are equally dangerous.
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melanoma
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A cancerous growth on the skin will likely exhibit ________. uniform coloration a size smaller than 6 mm regular borders asymmetry
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asymmetry
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Which layer(s) of the skin is(are) damaged in a second-degree burn? All layers of the epidermis and dermis are damaged. Only the dermis is damaged. Only the epidermis is damaged. The epidermis and the superficial region of the dermis are damaged
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The epidermis and the superficial region of the dermis are damaged
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The biggest risk factor for the development of skin cancer is excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight. T/F
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True
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The source of the fluid that accumulates in a blister is________. water that is absorbed from the environment into the skin water that is squeezed out of the overlying epidermal cells the plasma of the blood flowing through the numerous dermal blood vessels none of the above
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the plasma of the blood flowing through the numerous dermal blood vessels
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In general, skin cancer is least likely to develop in which of the following locations? scalp forehead nose the back of the hand
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Scalp
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Which is the most common type of skin cancer? melanoma basal cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma adenoma
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basal cell carcinoma
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Susan sat out in the sun watching a baseball game. She developed small blisters on her unprotected shoulders and neck. What type of burn is represented by the formation of the blisters? first-degree burn third-degree burn second-degree burn full-thickness burn
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second-degree burn
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What protects the fetus's skin within the water-filled amniotic sac? terminal hair vernix caseosa lanugo hairs vellus hair
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vernix caseosa
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A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order? corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale granulosum, basale, spinosum, corneum basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum
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corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
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A splinter penetrated into the skin of the sole of the foot.almost to the papillary region of the dermis. Which layer of the epidermis would be the final layer injured? spinosum lucidum granulosum basale
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Basale
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Which of the following cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch or light pressure? Meissner's corpuscles Krause's end bulbs Free nerve endings Pacinian corpuscles
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Meissner's corpuscles
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The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________. the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber it is located just below the epidermis and protects the dermis from shock it has no delicate nerve endings and can therefore absorb more shock the cells that make up the hypodermis secrete a protective mucus
answer
the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber
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Which of the following cells and their functions are correctly matched? Keratinocytes provide sense of touch and pressure Dendritic cells activate the immune system Melanocytes protects cells in the stratum corneum from damaging effects of sun's rays Tactile cells protection
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Dendritic cells activate the immune system
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Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ________. accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer maintain the appropriate pH in order for the melanocyte to synthesize melanin granules maintain the appropriate temperature so the product of the melanocyte will not denature provide the melanocyte with a protective shield against abrasion
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accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer
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The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement? stratum corneum stratum granulosum stratum lucidum stratum basale
answer
stratum basale
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The integumentary system is protected by the action of cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Which of the following cells serve this function? macrophages called dendritic cells (Langerhans Cell) keratinocytes, because they are so versatile cells found in the stratum spinosum tactile cells
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macrophages called dendritic cells (Langerhans Cell)
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Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin? The size and shape of the cells that make up the stratum spinosum, as well as the thick bundles of intermediate filaments. Lamellated granules of the cells of the stratum granulosum, a glycolipid that is secreted into extracellular spaces. The dermis is the thickest portion of the skin and water cannot pass through it. Fat associated with skin prevents water loss.
answer
Lamellated granules of the cells of the stratum granulosum, a glycolipid that is secreted into extracellular spaces.
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The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis? goblet cells, parietal cells, and chondrocytes monocytes, reticulocytes, and osteocytes fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and epithelial cells
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fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells
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The dermis has two major layers. Which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin? the reticular layer the hypodermal layer the subcutaneous layer the papillary layer
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the reticular layer
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Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been stretched and/or torn? The pain is acute due to the large number of Meissner's corpuscles. The stretching causes the tension lines to disappear. The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis. The blood vessels in the dermis rupture and the blood passes through the tissue, causing "black-and-blue marks."
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The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis.
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The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. The superficial surface has structures called: reticular papillae. dermal papillae. ceruminous glands. hair follicles.
answer
dermal papillae.
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The design of a person's epidermal ridges is determined by the manner in which the papillae rest upon the dermal ridges to produce the specific pattern known as handprints, footprints, and fingerprints. Which of the following statements is true regarding these prints or ridges? Every human being has the same pattern of ridges. They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person. The dermal ridges are determined by human blood groups. Because we are constantly shedding epithelial cells, these ridges are changing daily.
answer
They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person.
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Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage? The skin is protected by the synthesis of three pigments that contribute to the skin's color. Carotene, which accumulates in the stratum corneum and hypodermal adipose tissue, is synthesized in large amounts in the presence of sunlight. The skin is protected by increasing the number of epidermal dendritic cells, which help to activate the immune system. Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen.
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Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen.
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Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following changes would suggest that a patient is suffering from Addison's disease? Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following changes would suggest that a patient is suffering from Addison's disease? Black-and-blue marks become evident for no apparent cause. It is impossible to suggest Addison's disease from an inspection of a person's skin. The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance. The skin appears to have an abnormal, yellowish tint.
answer
The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance.
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A dendritic or Langerhan cell is a specialized ________. melanocyte nerve cell phagocytic cell squamous epithelial cell
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phagocytic cell
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Skin surface markings that reflect points of tight dermal attachment to underlying tissues are called epidermal ridges. True False
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False
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The dense fibrous connective tissue portion of the skin is located in the reticular region of the dermis. True False
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True
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The protein found in large amounts in the outermost layer of epidermal cells is collagen. True False
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False
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The dermis is rich in blood vessels and nerve fibers. True False
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True
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A physician is often able to detect homeostatic imbalances in the body by observing changes in the skin color. True False
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True
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Regardless of race, all human beings have about the same number of melanocytes. True False
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True
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The stratum corneum (outermost layer of skin) is a zone of approximately four layers of viable cells that are able to synthesize proteins that keep the outer layer of skin smooth and soft. True False
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False
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The pinkish hue of individuals with fair skin is the result of the crimson color of oxygenated hemoglobin (contained in red blood cells) circulating in the dermal capillaries and reflecting through the epidermis. True False
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True
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The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following except ________. medulla cuticle cortex external root sheath
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External root sheath
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Acne is a disorder associated with ________. sweat glands ceruminous glands sebaceous glands Meibomian glands
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sebaceous glands
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Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch? Ruffini body Pacinian corpuscle free nerve ending Meissner's corpuscle
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Meissner's corpuscle
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Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does? Gray hair is the result of hormonal action altering the chemical composition of melanin. Perfectly round hair shafts result in wavy hair. Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts. Air bubbles in the hair shaft cause straight hair.
answer
Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts.
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The function of the root hair plexus is to ________. bind the hair root to the dermis cause apocrine gland secretion into the hair follicle serve as a source for new epidermal cells for hair growth after the resting stage has passed allow the hair to assist in touch sensation
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allow the hair to assist in touch sensation
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Which glands produce ear wax? Eccrine Glands Apocrine glands Merocrine glands Ceruminous glands
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Ceruminous glands
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What are the most important factors influencing hair growth? age and glandular products nutrition and hormones the size and number of hair follicles sex and hormones
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nutrition and hormones
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Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands? mammary and ceruminous holocrine and mammary eccrine and apocrine sebaceous and merocrine
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eccrine and apocrine
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The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ________. metabolic wastes fatty substances, proteins, antibodies, and trace amounts of minerals and vitamins primarily uric acid 99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C
answer
99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C
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Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body? in all body regions and buried deep in the dermis beneath the flexure lines in the body in the axillary and anogenital area in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
answer
in the axillary and anogenital area
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The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated ________. by hormones, especially androgens by high temperatures as a protective coating when one is swimming when the air temperature drops
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by hormones, especially androgens
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Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because ________. eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months hormones in the eyebrow follicle switch the growth off after it has reached a predetermined length they grow much slower the vascular supply of the eyebrow follicle is one-tenth that of the head hair follicle
answer
eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months
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The apocrine sweat glands are fairly unimportant in thermoregulation. T/F
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True
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The outermost sheath of a hair follicle is the connective tissue sheath. T/F
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True
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The hyponychium is commonly called the cuticle. T/f
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False
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The reason that the nail bed appears pink is the presence of a large number of melanocytes in the underlying dermis. T/F
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False
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During the regressive phase of hair growth, the matrix dies and the follicle atrophies. T/F
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True
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Ceruminous glands are modified merocrine glands. T/F
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False
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Hair growth and density are influenced by hormones, nutrition, and, in some cases, lifestyle. T/F
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True
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Sweat glands continuously produce small amounts of sweat, even in cooler temperatures. T/F
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True
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Although the integument is a covering, it is by no means simple, and some of its functions include ________. resident macrophage-like cells whose function is to ingest antigenic invaders and present them to the immune system epidermal blood vessels serving as a blood reservoir cooling the body by increasing the action of sebaceous glands during high-temperature conditions the dermis providing the major mechanical barrier to chemicals, water, and other external substances
answer
resident macrophage-like cells whose function is to ingest antigenic invaders and present them to the immune system
question
In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin? The cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy. It absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases. It aids in the transport of materials throughout the body. It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.
answer
It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism
question
Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer. Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer. Basal cell carcinomas are the least common but most malignant. Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the stratum corneum. Most tumors that arise on the skin are malignant. Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.
answer
Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.
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The single most important risk for skin cancer is ________ race genetics use of farm chemicals overexposure to UV radiation
answer
overexposure to UV radiation
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When an individual is exposed to extremely low air temperatures, the dermal blood vessels will dilate so that blood and heat will be dissipated. T/F
answer
False
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Which type of skin cancer appears as a scaly reddened papule and tends to grow rapidly and metastasize? Adenoma Squamous cell carcinoma Melanoma Basal cell carcinoma
answer
Squamous cell carcinoma
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Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss? by using the "rule of nines" through blood analysis by measuring urinary output and fluid intake by observing the tissues that are usually moist
answer
by using the "rule of nines"
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What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn? unbearable pain loss of immune function catastrophic fluid loss infection
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catastrophic fluid loss
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Joe just burned himself on a hot pot. A blister forms and the burn is painful. Joe's burn would best be described as a third-degree burn. T/F
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False
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The most dangerous skin cancer is cancer of the melanocytes. T/F
answer
True
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When a patient is said to have "third-degree burns," this indicates that the patient has burns that cover approximately one-third or more of the body. T/F
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False
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________ is an inherited condition that affects the heme pathway; it leaves the skin scarred and gums degenerated, and may have led to the folklore about vampires. Rosacea Impetigo Decubitus ulcer Porphyria
answer
Porphyria
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Vernix caseosa is a ________. whitish material produced by fetal sebaceous glands coat of fine, downy hair on the heads of balding men substance contributing to acne during adolescence cheesy-looking sudoriferous secretion on the skin of newborns
answer
whitish material produced by fetal sebaceous glands
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The skin is not able to receive stimuli because the cells of the epidermis are not living and therefore there are no sensory receptors in the skin. T/F
answer
False
question
We are told that every surface we touch is teeming with bacterial cells, and bacteria are found in the pools we swim in, the water we wash with, and on the hands of friends. Why are we not inundated with bacterial infections on our skin? All of these answers are correct. The low pH of the skin secretions retards the multiplication of bacteria on the skin. Not all bacteria are harmful or thrive on the skin. Many bacteria are killed by bactericidal substances in the sebum and sweat.
answer
All of these answers are correct
question
The Waldorf family was caught in a fire but escaped. Unfortunately, the father and daughter suffered burns. The father had second-degree burns on his chest, abdomen, and both arms, and third-degree burns on his entire left lower extremity. The daughter suffered first-degree burns on her head and neck and second-degree burns on both lower extremities. What percentage of the daughter's body received first-degree burns? What part of the daughter's body has burns to both the dermis and epidermis? The Waldorf family was caught in a fire but escaped. Unfortunately, the father and daughter suffered burns. The father had second-degree burns on his chest, abdomen, and both arms, and third-degree burns on his entire left lower extremity. The daughter suffered first-degree burns on her head and neck and second-degree burns on both lower extremities. What percentage of the daughter's body received first-degree burns? What part of the daughter's body has burns to both the dermis and epidermis? 9%; the head and neck 13.5%; the legs 4.5%; the head and neck 4.5%; the legs 9%; the legs
answer
9% the leg
question
The 68-year-old patient was admitted to the hospital medical floor with a diagnosis of chronic bronchitis. His wife asks the nurse why his skin looks blue. How would you explain cyanosis to this patient and his wife? Cyanosis is a dusky bluish or grayish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes that occurs with reduced oxygen levels. Cyanosis leaves blue to black marks on the skin due to ruptured blood vessels and pooling of blood beneath the skin. Cyanosis is a whitening of the skin due to anemia or accumulation of bile pigments. Cyanosis is a reddening of skin due to fever, hypertension, inflammation, or an allergy. Cyanosis is a bronzing of the skin that occurs when the adrenal gland produces an inadequate amount of steroids.
answer
Cyanosis is a dusky bluish or grayish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes that occurs with reduced oxygen levels.
question
Why might soap that has an alkaline base not be healthy for some patients to use daily? The removal of the normal microbiota of skin will leave the person exposed to opportunistic pathogens. The base will neutralize the acid on the skin that retards the growth of bacteria, and the removal of the normal microbiota of skin will leave the person exposed to opportunistic pathogens. The base will neutralize the acid on the skin that retards the growth of bacteria. The base will cause damage to the epidermis if used daily.
answer
The base will neutralize the acid on the skin that retards the growth of bacteria, and the removal of the normal microbiota of skin will leave the person exposed to opportunistic pathogens.