Identify the two major components of the cutaneous membrane. (Module 5.1A)
epidermis and subcutaneous layer
dermis and the cutaneous plexus
dermis and epidermis
epidermis and the cutaneous plexus
dermis and subcutaneous layer
answer
dermis and epidermis
question
Each of the following is a function of the integumentary system except:
excretion of salts and wastes.
provision of sensation.
protection of underlying tissue.
maintenance of body temperature.
synthesis of vitamin C.
answer
synthesis of vitamin C.
question
The two components of the integumentary system are the:
integument and hypodermis.
cutaneous membrane and hypodermis.
epidermis and dermis.
epidermis and superficial fascia.
cutaneous membrane and accessory structures.
answer
cutaneous membrane and accessory structures.
question
Accessory structures of the skin include all of the following except:
sweat glands.
the epidermis.
lamellar corpuscles.
hair follicles.
sebaceous glands.
answer
the epidermis.
question
Insensible perspiration takes place in the:
stratum granulosum.
stratum spinosum.
stratum basale.
stratum lucidum.
stratum corneum.
answer
stratum corneum.
question
The keratinocytes are tightly connected with each other by:
desmosomes.
prekeratin.
keratin.
elastic fibers.
collagen fibers.
answer
desmosomes.
question
In which layer of skin are keratinocytes produced?
stratum corneum
stratum basale
stratum spinosum
dermis
subcutaneous layer
answer
stratum basale
question
Compare thin skin with thick skin. (Module 5.2A)
Thin skin has only 1 layer and is found on lips, eyelids, and other delicate structures. Thick skin has hundreds of layers and is found all over the body except where thin skin is found.
Thin skin has only 1 layer and contains only the epidermis. Thick skin has 2 layers made up of the epidermis and dermis.
Thin skin has 4 layers and covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Thick skin has 4 layers and covers most of the body surfaces.
Thin skin contains the epidermis and dermis but not the subcutaneous layer. Thick skin contains the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer.
Thin skin has 4 layers and covers most of the body surfaces. Thick skin has 5 layers and covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
answer
Thin skin has 4 layers and covers most of the body surfaces. Thick skin has 5 layers and covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
Dandruff is caused by excessive shedding of cells from the outer layer of skin on the scalp. So, dandruff is composed of cells from which epidermal layer? (Module 5.2C)
stratum corneum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
answer
stratum corneum
question
A splinter that penetrates to the third layer of epidermis of the palm is lodged in which layer? (Module 5.2D)
stratum corneum
stratum granulosum
stratum basale
stratum lucidum
stratum spinosum
answer
stratum granulosum
question
While walking barefoot on the beach, Joe stepped on a thorn that penetrated through the sole of his foot to the dermis. How many layers of epidermis did the thorn penetrate?
1
2
3
4
5
answer
5
question
The type of most cells that form the strata in the epidermis are:
keratinocytes.
dendritic cells.
adipocytes.
fibroblasts.
melanocytes.
answer
keratinocytes.
question
The layer of dividing cells at the base of the epidermis is the:
stratum corneum.
stratum basale.
stratum spinosum.
stratum granulosum.
stratum lucidum.
answer
stratum basale.
question
The tough "horny" superficial layer of the epidermis is known as the
stratum lucidum.
stratum spinosum.
stratum basale.
stratum granulosum.
stratum corneum.
answer
stratum corneum.
question
The epidermis in the thin skin contains ________ layer(s) and in the thick skin contains ________ layers.
1; 2
2; 3
3; 4
4; 5
5; 6
answer
4; 5
question
All of the following are characteristics of the epidermis except that it
is multilayered.
is flexible.
is self-repairing.
serves as UV radiation protection.
is vascularized.
answer
is vascularized.
question
All of the following are true of epidermal ridges except that they:
produce patterns that are determined genetically.
interconnect with the dermal papillae.
extend into the dermis.
contain increased numbers of free nerve endings.
cause ridge patterns on the surface of the skin.
answer
contain increased numbers of free nerve endings.
question
________ are cells in the epidermis that are part of the immune system.
Merkel Cells
Melanocytes
Squamous cells
Dendritic cells
Basal cells
answer
Dendritic cells
question
What is the survival rate of a localized malignant melanoma that is detected and removed in the early stages of the cancer?
Above 95%
75%
60%
40%
less than 20%
answer
Above 95%
question
From what layer of skin are melanosomes released?
stratum basale
hypodermis
papillary layer of dermis
reticular layer of dermis
stratum coneum
answer
stratum basale
question
Name the two pigments contained in the epidermis. (Module 5.3A)
creatinine and melatonin
carotene and melatonin
keratin and melanin
carotene and melanin
carnitine and melanoma
answer
carotene and melanin
question
Why does exposure to sunlight or sunlamps darken skin? (Module 5.3B)
UV radiation stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin.
UV radiation stimulates keratinocytes to produce more keratin.
UV radiation stimulates melanocytes to produce more melatonin.
UV radiation stimulates keratinocytes to produce more carotene.
UV radiation stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin and keratinocytes to produce more keratin.
answer
UV radiation stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin
question
Why is basal cell carcinoma considered less dangerous than malignant melanoma? (Module 5.3D)
Basal cell carcinoma affects the stratum basale only and will not spread to any other layer, whereas malignant melanoma affects the melanocytes which can be found throughout the epidermis.
Basal cell carcinoma only occurs on the face, whereas malignant melanoma can occur anywhere on the body.
Basal cell carcinomas rarely become malignant and metastasize, whereas malignant melanoma cells quickly spread throughout the lymphatic system to other organs.
Basal cell carcinoma affect the cells of the stratum basale which cannot form tumors, whereas malignant melanoma affects the melanocytes which form cancerous tumors.
Basal cell carcinoma only occurs in the elderly, whereas malignant melanoma occurs in children and young adults.
answer
Basal cell carcinomas rarely become malignant and metastasize, whereas malignant melanoma cells quickly spread throughout the lymphatic system to other organs.
question
Explain why a healthy 6-month-old might have yellow-orange skin. (Module 5.3E)
The child may be developing adipose tissue which has a yellowish tint.
The child may have eaten foods with a high amount of carotene causing the pigment to accumulate in the skin making it look yellow-orange.
The child may have been outside when it was cold causing vasoconstriction which reduces the pink coloration and makes skin look more yellow-orange.
The skin of infants is very thin making it appear yellow-orange.
Breastmilk causes the skin to look yellow-orange.
answer
The child may have eaten foods with a high amount of carotene causing the pigment to accumulate in the skin making it look yellow-orange.
question
An albino individual lacks the ability to produce:
hemoglobin.
carotene.
keratin.
melanin.
perspiration.
answer
melanin.
question
All of the following are true of the pigment melanin except that it
is produced by cells called melanocytes.
decreases in concentration within cells during exposure to the sun.
is usually some shade of brown or black.
protects DNA from the damaging effects of UV radiation.
is released through melanosomes.
answer
decreases in concentration within cells during exposure to the sun.
question
The ________ in keratinocytes protects the epidermis and dermis from the harmful effects of sunlight.
sebum
carotene
melanin
hemoglobin
keratin
answer
melanin
question
Cyanosis signifies that a patient has
oxygen-starved skin.
been kept out of the sun.
an allergic reaction.
been exposed to cyanide.
had too much sun.
answer
oxygen-starved skin.
question
________ is a pigment found in vegetables that can make the skin appear orange or yellow.
Carotene
Bilirubin
Hemoglobin
Melanin
Chlorophyll
answer
Carotene
question
The most dangerous type of skin cancer is termed:
melanosome.
metastasis.
cyanosis.
basal cell carcinoma.
malignant melanoma.
answer
malignant melanoma.
question
Melanin is produced by melanocytes within the stratum:
corneum.
spinosum.
basale.
granulosum.
lucidum.
answer
basale.
question
What is the most common type of cells in the subcutaneous layer?
melanocytes
adipocytes
fibrocytes
fibroblasts
keratinocytes
answer
adipocytes
question
Central adiposity is strongly associated with:
cardiovascular disorders.
kidney disorders.
liver diseases.
lung diseases.
reproductive illnesses.
answer
cardiovascular disorders.
question
Skin wrinkle and sagging is caused by
UV radiation.
aging.
hormonal changes.
all of the choices.
none of the choices.
answer
all of the choices.
question
Describe the layers of the dermis. (Module 5.4A)
The superficial papillary layer contains stratified squamous epithelial tissue. The deep reticular layer contains areolar tissue with capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons.
The superficial reticular layer contains areolar tissue with capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons. The deep papillary layer contains dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers.
The superficial papillary layer contains dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers. The deep reticular layer contains areolar tissue with capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons.
The superficial reticular layer contains dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers. The deep papillary layer contains areolar tissue with capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons.
The superficial papillary layer contains areolar tissue with capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons. The deep reticular layer contains dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers.
answer
The superficial papillary layer contains areolar tissue with capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons. The deep reticular layer contains dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers.
question
Predict the degree of scarring after the healing of a horizontal cut on the forehead just above the eyebrow. (Module 5.4B)
The scarring will be minimal because no tension lines run through that area of the body.
The scarring will be minimal because the cut is at a right angle to the direction of the tension lines.
The scarring will be significant because the cut is at a right angle to the direction of the tension lines.
The scarring will be significant because the cut follows the same direction as the tension lines.
The scarring will be minimal because the cut follows the same direction as the tension lines.
answer
The scarring will be significant because the cut is at a right angle to the direction of the tension lines.
question
The layer of the skin that contains bundles of collagen and elastic fibers responsible for the strength of the skin is the ________ layer.
hypodermal
papillary
reticular
epidermal
subcutaneous
answer
reticular
question
All of the following are true of the hypodermis except it
stores energy reserves.
contains many blood vessels.
permits independent movement of deeper structures.
contains large amounts of adipose tissue.
is attached to the dermis by a basement membrane.
answer
is attached to the dermis by a basement membrane.
question
If the epidermis, dermis, and part of hypodermis are burned, it is classified as
full thickness.
first degree.
partial thickness.
second degree.
none of the choices.
answer
full thickness.
question
All of the following can be used in the management of severe burn except
skin graft.
cell culture.
antibiotics.
corticosteroids.
fluid replacement.
answer
corticosteroids.
question
Distinguish among a first-degree, second-degree, and third-degree burn. (Module 5.5A)
A first-degree burn affects the whole epidermis and some of the dermis. A second-degree burn affects only the surface of the skin. A third-degree burn destroys the epidermis, the dermis, and extends into the subcutaneous layer.
A first-degree burn affects only the surface of the skin. A second-degree burn destroys the epidermis, the dermis, and extends into the subcutaneous layer. A third-degree burn affects the whole epidermis and some of the dermis.
A first-degree burn affects only the surface of the skin. A second-degree burn affects the whole epidermis and some of the dermis. A third-degree burn destroys the epidermis, the dermis, and extends into the subcutaneous layer.
A first-degree burn destroys the epidermis, the dermis, and extends into the subcutaneous layer. A second-degree burn affects the whole epidermis and some of the dermis. A third-degree burn affects only the surface of the skin.
A first-degree burn destroys the epidermis, the dermis, and extends into the subcutaneous layer. A second-degree burn affects only the surface of the skin. A third-degree burn affects the whole epidermis and some of the dermis.
answer
A first-degree burn affects only the surface of the skin. A second-degree burn affects the whole epidermis and some of the dermis. A third-degree burn destroys the epidermis, the dermis, and extends into the subcutaneous layer.
question
Which type of burn usually requires skin grafting? Why? (Module 5.5B)
Second-degree burns because the tissue damage is so great that the tissue cannot repair itself.
Third-degree burns because the tissue damage is so great that the tissue cannot repair itself.
First-degree burns because the epidermis is damaged.
First-degree burns because the tissue damage is so great that the tissue cannot repair itself.
Third-degree burns because the epidermis is damaged.
answer
Third-degree burns because the tissue damage is so great that the tissue cannot repair itself.
question
A 32-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital with third-degree burns on her entire right leg, entire right arm, and the back of her trunk. Estimate the percentage of her body surface area affected by these burns. (Module 5.5D)
9%
36%
18%
91%
45%
answer
45%
question
All of the following are derived from epithelial columns except
sebaceous glands.
hair roots.
hair follicles.
nails.
sweat glands.
answer
nails.
question
All of the following are functions of accessory structures of integument except
protection of skull.
sensation of touch.
thermoregulation.
excretion of sweat.
production of skin pigments.
answer
production of skin pigments.
question
What are epidermal derivatives? (Module 5.6A)
Epidermal derivatives are chemicals produced by the epidermis, such as heparin and prostaglandins.
Epidermal derivatives are pigment molecules produced by the epidermis, including carotene and melanin.
Epidermal derivatives are secretions produced by the epidermis, including sweat and sebum.
Epidermal derivatives are accessory structures that originate from the epidermis during embryonic development, including hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands, and nails.
Epidermal derivatives are the different cell types found in the epidermis, including epithelial cells and melanocytes.
answer
Epidermal derivatives are accessory structures that originate from the epidermis during embryonic development, including hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands, and nails.
question
Which exocrine glands are in the integument? (Module 5.6B)
Sweat glands and sebaceous glands
Mucous glands and sebaceous glands
Mucous glands and sweat glands
Mammary glands and salivary glands
Sweat glands and salivary glands
answer
Sweat glands and sebaceous glands
question
________ is a small connective tissue peg that contains nerve endings and blood vessels.
Hair matrix
Hair medulla
Hair bulb
Hair papilla
Hair cuticle
answer
Hair papilla
question
All of the following are correct regarding hair growth cycle except that
club hair is shed during follicle reactivation.
a hair in the scalp grows for 2 β 5 years.
a healthy adult with full head of hair may lose up to 100 hairs each day.
during the active phase, the hair grows continuously.
the hair becomes club hair during regression phase.
answer
the hair becomes club hair during regression phase.
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