Human A&P Chapter 6

The subcutaneous layer is made entirely of collagen. also called the subdermis. part of the basement membrane. made of squamous epithelium. not part of the skin.

A hair is distinguished from a hair follicle by being dead. being alive. always dividing. never dividing. actively secreting.

Which person is at highest risk of developing a cutaneous carcinoma? a light-complexioned man age 52 who goes to the beach on summer weekends and does not use sunblock because he likes to be tan. an eighty-year-old who spends most of her time indoors. a young woman who enjoys going to the beach but always covers up. a twenty-two-year-old college student who is outdoors often and uses sunblock. a black woman who spends most of her time in her office.

Gray hair is a mixture of pigmented and unpigmented hairs. caused by a pigment, pseudomelanin. a mixture of red and brown hairs. a form of albinism. full of abnormal keratin.

Examining skin under a light microscope is difficult because the preparation is impossible with a large body part. removes important proteins from the cells. compresses the innermost cells. all of the above. explodes the outermost cells.

You step out of the shower and vigorously rub your skin with a towel. If you were able to analyze the towel, you would find skin cells. They are most likely hair root cells. fibroblasts. keratinized epidermal cells. from the dermis. subcutaneous layer cells.

Sweat cools the body by radiation. convection. hydration. conduction. evaporation.

We enjoy sunbathing because it stimulates keratinocytes to release keratins. carotenes. elastin. beta endorphin. collagens.

Apocrine sweat glands are most abundant on or in the axilla. forehead. neck. palms of the hands. buttocks.

A man who has a heart valve from a pig has a(n) allograft. dermograft. autograft. fibrograft. xenograft.

A warm surface loses heat to the air molecules continuously circulating over it by radiation. conduction. evaporation. hydration. convection.

Skin cells play an important role in producing vitamin C. vitamin E. vitamin A. vitamin D. vitamin B.

An organ consists of at least four tissues grouped together that function together. one variety of each of the four tissue types. two or more tissues grouped together that function together. multiple tissue layers. skin and bones.

The melanocytes in very dark skin contain clusters of 2 to 4 pigment granules. lack pigment but shrivel up and turn black. are more abundant than they are in light skin. contain many small pigment granules. contain single, large, pigment granules.

The human integumentary system includes just the skin. skin, nails, hair follicles, and glands. skin, hooves, and horns. bones and muscles. the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer only.

Two thieves steal jewelry, and then drop it as they are escaping. The police recover the jewelry, and an officer explains on the evening news that the back of a watch had beautiful fingerprints. The thieves, whose prints are not on file, believe that they can escape prosecution by using acid to remove the epidermis on their fingerpads, erasing their fingerprints. They are wrong because the prints arise from the dermis, which is not destroyed. the prints arise from the subcutaneous layer, which is not destroyed. the fingerprints will not grow back in the same pattern. the epidermis will regrow the fingerprints in a day. the prints arise from the epidermis, which is not destroyed.

Body heat is lost primarily by flatulation. radiation. conduction. evaporation. convection.

The functions of skin include synthesizing antibodies. regulating body temperature. synthesizing digestive enzymes. transmitting electrochemical messages. producing adipose tissue.

A nail consists of a nail follicle and nail papilla. none of the above. nail bed and nail plate. nail rail and nail groove. nail fork and nail spoon.

Eccrine sweat glands respond primarily to emotional stress. are found only in horses. respond primarily to elevated body temperature. are most common in the armpits and groin. usually are associated with hair follicles.

Milk and ear wax are synthetic substances. are secreted from modified sweat glands. are in the blood. are secreted from modified sebaceous glands. are not secretions.

A future treatment for baldness may potentially be a head transplant. stem cells from the bulge region at the base of hair follicles. high protein shakes. scalp transplants. stem cells from the bulge region of the abdomen.

Exposure to ultraviolet light darkens skin by stimulating synthesis of carotene. melanin. hemoglobin. melatonin. cyanin.

Blood vessels in the ___________ supply epidermal cells with nutrients. hair root all of the above subcutaneous layer epidermis dermis

The granulations that appear during the healing of a large, open wound are composed mainly of blood clots. dead keratinocytes. scar tissue. phagocytic cells. fibroblasts surrounding blood vessels.

The skin dissipates excess body heat by dilating dermal blood vessels. radiation conduction all of the above activating eccrine sweat glands.

Pigment recipient cells are a type of melanocyte. are in the subcutaneous layer. are filled with carotene. are a type of keratinocyte. have multiple nuclei.

Eccrine sweat glands differ from sebaceous glands in type of secretion. in their location. all of the above. in the stimulus that triggers their secretion. in whether or not they are associated with hair follicles.

After a severe burn, new skin may grow outwards from the hair follicles. New growth begins here because the skin's stem cells migrate to the hair follicles. hair is essential for functioning of the immune system and survival. a person has many hair follicles. a hair follicle contains stem cells in the bulge region. the hair follicles are very resistant to fire and heat.

The dermis is composed largely of dense regular connective tissue. stratified squamous epithelium. adipose tissue. dense irregular connective tissue. fibrous connective tissue.

The nerve fibers in the dermis stimulate fat cells in the subcutaneous layer. melanocytes in the epidermis. blood vessels in the epidermis. muscles and glands in the dermis. none of the above.

The epidermis is about ___ mm thick and the dermis is about ___ mm thick. .001 to .01; .01 to .1 1 to 2; .07 to .12 3 to 4; 5 to 6 .01 to .1; .1 to 1.0 .07 to 12; 1 to 2

Corns are scaly scalp areas. tumors under the skin that resemble kernels of corn. growths emanating from the nostrils. keratinized conical masses on toes. areas of white skin pigmentation.

The arrector pili muscle is attached to a sebaceous gland. skin on the nose. the hypodermis. a hair follicle. the nail bed.

The flexible proteins that link the cell membranes of squamous epithelial cells in skin are cadherins. keratins. elastin. carotenes. collagens.

Reddened skin reflects inheriting extra melanin. none of the above dilated blood vessels sending more blood to the dermis. eating too many carrots. constricted blood vessels sending more blood to the epidermis.

An autograft covers an injured area of skin with a skin substitute, such as an artificial membrane. skin from a skin bank. handwriting. skin from an uninjured region of the patient's body. skin from a person other than the patient.

Eumelanin and pheomelanin are reddish-yellow and brownish-black pigments, respectively. present in excess in a person with albinism. synthetic dyes. brownish-black and reddish-yellow pigments, respectively. types of keratin.

In the inherited disease ichythyosis, the skin is rough, brown, and very scaly because the uppermost layer cannot peel off as easily as it normally does. The part of the skin that is affected is the subcutaneous layer. epidermis. endodermis. dermis. basement membrane.

Hypothermia is a form of hair loss. a lowered body temperature. associated with exercising vigorously in the heat. a form of skin cancer. accompanied by fever.

Which of the following is a normal response to excessive loss of body heat in a cold environment? Hairs are retracted into their follicles. Smooth muscles relax. Dermal blood vessels dilate. Sweat glands become active. Dermal blood vessels constrict.

Individuals at elevated risk for hypothermia include the very young. the very old. very thin people. homeless people exposed to the outdoors. all of the above

The hardness of a nail comes from keratin. bone. calcium. collagen. carotene.

Epidermis is ________________, whereas dermis is ________________. composed of largely dense connective tissue; composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue; composed of connective tissue, smooth muscle, and nerve cell processes none of the above. the innermost layer of the skin; under the epidermis the outermost layer of the skin; composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue

A person exercising vigorously on a hot, humid day may develop heat exhaustion. fatigue and dizziness. headache, muscle cramps, and nausea. dizziness. all of the above

As a person ages, the skin typically becomes a different color. more opaque. none of the above more elastic. thicker.

The nail plate is produced by specialized epithelial cells. lunula cells. specialized dermal cells. stem cells. melanocytes.

The advantage of cryo-electron tomography is that it preserves intercellular junctions. is cheaper than other methods. can be used with a virtual reality helmet. enables cells to divide continually. preserves mitochondria.

Nerve fibers scattered throughout the dermis are associated with hair, oil glands, and sweat glands. bone, tendons, and muscles. none of the above. muscles, glands, and sensory receptors. the subcutaneous layer.

Inflammation is a result of exposure to very low temperatures. none of the above. a type of infection. a normal response to stress or injury. an abnormal response to injury or stress.

Accessory structures of the skin originate from the epidermis. nervous system. dermis. basement membrane. subcutaneous layer.

As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface, they divide continually. their supply of nutrients improves. they die. they can become cancerous. they become dermal cells.

Which is the most likely explanation for the defect in dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, in which the skin blisters with any touch? collagen fibrils that attach the epidermis to the dermis break down. the person has sustained a severe burn. melanocytes cannot produce melanin. the skin layers are reversed. the skin has too many melanocytes that produce too much melanin.

Skin cancer is most likely to develop from nonpigmented melanocytes. pigmented melanocytes. pigmented epithelial cells. surface keratinocytes. nonpigmented epithelial cells.

Sebaceous glands secrete fat globules that mix with cellular debris, forming sebum. none of the above. sweat in the armpits. mucus. glycogen granules that accumulate around hair follicles.

The subcutaneous layer of skin consists of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle tissue. epithelial tissue. areolar and adipose tissue. blood and nerves. epithelium and areolar tissue.

The skin appears yellowish if a person eats too much collagen. carotene. melanin. chicken soup. cyanin.

Cutaneous melanomas are associated with lack of sun exposure. prolonged exposure to low-intensity sunlight. occasional exposure to X-rays. short exposure to high-intensity sunlight. exposure to background radiation.

A warm surface loses heat to the air molecules continuously circulating over it by conduction. hydration. radiation. evaporation. convection.

Cutaneous carcinomas are usually caused by exposure to mutagenic chemicals. gamma radiation. X-rays. ultraviolet light. microwaves.

What determines the color of skin? The density of hair. None of the above. The number of melanocytes in the epidermis. The thickness of the epidermis layer. The amount of melanin that melanocytes produce.

Inflammation makes skin peel off. all of the above. red, swollen and painful to touch. secrete abundant antibodies. cool and clammy.

Elderly persons may become less able to maintain stable body temperatures because they sweat excessively. their sebaceous glands become overactive. the skin becomes too oily. the number of sweat glands diminishes. they lose weight.

Which of the following is not correct concerning the skin? The dermis is usually thicker than the epidermis. The skin contains some immune system cells. The subcutaneous layer is between the dermis and the epidermis. The epidermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelium. The dermis contains smooth muscle and nerve tissue.

In areas of the skin where the epidermis is thin, the ________ may be absent. stratum corneum stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum cranium stratum basale

In treating a burn patient, the "rule of nines" is used to estimate the degree and source of the burn. time needed for healing. depth of the burn. surface area of the burn. type of scar that will form.

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation greatly increases the risk of developing acne. glaucoma. diabetes. skin cancer. heart disease.

A man donates part of his liver to his daughter, who suffers from cystic fibrosis. This procedure is a(n) autograft fibrograft. dermograft allograft xenograft

Shafts of hair are composed of dead epidermal cells. living epidermal cells. dead dermal cells. living fibroblasts. living dermal cells.

Fever is a special case of hypothermia in which body temperature falls to protect the core from infection. a special case of hyperthermia in which body temperature rises in response to an elevated set point, typically in response to infection. none of the above. a result of inflammation. due to exposure to heat.

Acne is a disorder of the hair follicles. sweat glands. sebaceous glands. dermis. apocrine glands.

Skin wrinkles with age because the number of sweat glands diminishes. epidermal cells undergo a burst of cell division. fat is lost from the subcutaneous layer and the dermis shrinks. people use less make up. collagen degrades in the subcutaneous layer as the epidermis shrinks.

A burn affecting only the epidermis is a superficial partial-thickness burn. third degree burn. deep partial-thickness burn. fourth degree burn. second degree burn.

The major blood vessels that supply the skin are in the bone. subcutaneous layer. dermis. basement membrane. epidermis.

A woman undergoes coronary bypass surgery, in which a blood vessel from her leg is moved to her heart, where it supplements the blood supply following a heart attack. This procedure is a(n) dermograft. autograft. xenograft. allograft. fibrograft.

The epidermis all of the above. retains water in deeper skin layers. protects the skin against mechanical injury. loses some cells every day. keeps out harmful chemicals and pathogens.

The layer of the epidermis that includes melanocytes and a single row of columnar cells that undergo mitosis is the stratum granulosum. stratum spinosum. stratum corneum. stratum basale. stratum melaneum.

Which of the following happens first after a scab forms? nearby wandering cells secrete keratin. fibroblasts from the wound edge form new collagenous fibers. the scab sloughs off phagocytic cells remove dead material. blood vessels send out new branches under the scab.