Exam 2

Which of the three types of viruses shown would you expect to include glycoproteins? A. I only B. II only C. III only D. I and II only E. II and III only

Which of the following statements supports the argument that viruses are nonliving? A. They do not carry out metabolic processes such as translation. B. Their DNA does not encode proteins. C. They have RNA rather than DNA. D. They cannot produce nucleotides and amino acid necessary for making new viruses. E. Both A and D

Which of the following descriptions correctly identifies the main structural differences between viruses with envelopes and viruses without envelopes? A. Viruses with envelopes have their genetic material enclosed by a layer made only of protein. B. Viruses without envelopes have only a phospholipid membrane, while viruses w/ envelopes have two membranes, the other one being a protein capsid. C. Viruses with envelopes have a phospholipid membrane outside their capsid, whereas viruses w/out envelopes do not have a phospholipid membrane. D. Both types of viruses have a capsid and phospholipid membrane; but in the viruses without envelopes, the genetic material is between these two membranes, while in the viruses with envelopes the genetic material is inside both membranes.

The host range of a virus is determined by _________. A. the enzymes carried by the virus B. whether its nucleic acid is DNA or RNA C. proteins in the host's cytoplasm D. the proteins on its surface and that of the host

Which of the following events or characteristics accounts for someone who has had regular herpesvirus-mediated cold sores or genital sore flare-ups? A. reinfection by a closely related herpesvirus of a different strain B. reinfection by the same herpesvirus strain C. latent copies of the herpesvirus genome permanently maintained in host nuclei become reactivated D. copies of the herpesvirus genome permanently maintained in host cell cytoplasm become reactivated E. integrated proviruses in the host chromosomes become reactivated

Which of the following statements accurately describes the lysogenic cycle of lambda phage? A. after infection, the viral genes immediately turn the host cell into a lambda-producing factory, and the host cell then lyses B. most of the prophage genes are activated by the product of a particular prophage gene C. the phage genome is integrated in the host chromosome where it is replicated along with the host genome D. The phage DNA is copied and exits the cell as a phage that does not lyse the cell E. All of the above

What is the function of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses? A. it uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis B. it converts host cell RNA into viral DNA C. it translates viral RNA into proteins D. It uses viral RNA as a template for making complementary RNA strands E. it converts uracil to thymine in RNA to make viral DNA

In the figure, at the arrow marked II, what enzyme is being utilized? A. reverse transcriptase B. viral DNA polymerase C. host cell DNA polymerase D. host cell RNA polymerase E. host cell ribosomes

In the figure, when new viruses are being assembled at the point marked IV, what mediates the assembly? A. host cell chaperones B. assembly proteins coded for by the host nucleus C. assembly proteins coded for by the viral genes D. no host factors are required; the new viruses spontaneously self-assemble E. host cell ribosome assemble viral genome and proteins into viral particle

Which of the following viruses would most likely have reverse transcriptase inside them? A. an RNA-based lytic virus B. an RNA-based lysogenic virus C. a DNA-based lytic virus D. a DNA-based lysogenic virus E. a virus that can infect two different species

Why do RNA viruses appear to have higher rates of mutation? A. RNA nucleotides are more unstable than DNA nucleotides B. Replication of their genomes does not involve proofreading C. RNA viruses can incorporate a variety of nonstandard bases D. RNA viruses are more sensitive to mutagens E. All of the above

Which of the following statements correctly describes a difference between viruses and prions? A. viruses infect many types of cells, whereas prions infect only prokaryotic cells B. viruses have capsids composed of protein, genomes of DNA or RNA whereas prions are made only of protein C. viruses have genomes composed of RNA, whereas prions have genomes composed of DNA D. Viruses don't cause brain damage, but prions do E. prions are very small versions of virsues

What is the difference between an epidemic and a pandemic? A. an epidemic is a disease; a pandemic is a treatment B. An epidemic is restricted to a local region; a pandemic is global C. An epidemic has low mortality; a pandemic has higher mortality D. An epidemic is caused by a bacterial infection; a pandemic is caused by a viral infection

In 2009, a flu pandemic was believed to have originated when viral transmission occurred from pig to human, thereby earning the designation "swine flu". Although pigs are thought to have been breeding ground for the 2009 virus, sequences from bird, pig, and human viruses were all found within this newly identified virus. What is the most likely explanation of why this virus contained sequences from bird, pig, and human viruses? A. the virus was descended from a common ancestor of bird, pig, and human flu viruses B. the infected individuals happened to be infected with all three virus types C. related viruses can undergo genetic recombination if the RNA genomes mix and match viruses D. the human was likely infected with various bacterial strains that contained all three RNA viruses

You find what you believe is a new species of animal. Which of the following characteristics would enable you to argue that is more closely related to flatworm than it is to a roundworm? A. it is a suspension feeder B. it has no coelom C. it is shaped like a worm D. it has a mouth and an anus

Which of the following organisms would you expect to have the largest surface-area-to-volume ratio? Assume that all of the following are the same total length? A. a mollusc B. an annelid C. an arthropod D. a platyhelminth

While sampling marine plankton in a lab, a student encounters large numbers of fertilized eggs. The student rears some of the eggs in the laboratory for further study and finds that the blastopore becomes the mouth. The embryo develops into a trochophore larva and eventually has a true coelom. These eggs probably belonged to a(n)_______. A. echinoderm B. mollusc C. nematode D. arthropod

Planarians lack dedicated respiratory and circulatory systems. This deficiency does not cause a problem because _______. A. none of their cells are far removed from the gastrovascular cavity or from the external environment B. they lack mesoderm as embryos and, therefore, lack the adult tissues derived from mesoderm C. their flame bulbs can carry out respiratory and circulatory functions D. their body cavity, a psudocoelom, carries out these functions

Which characteristic is shared by cnidarians and flatworms? A. dorsoventrally flattened bodies B. radial symmetry C. a digestive system with a single opening D. a distinct head

Molecular studies have changed many of the phylogenetic relationships previously identified by morphological studies. These changes indicate that ______. A. molecular and morphological studies rarely agree B. molecular studies add additional information to morphological studies and improve our understanding of evolutionary history C. molecular studies are less reliable than morphological studies D. molecular studies are extremely time consuming and expensive and really don't add additional information to our understanding of evolutionary history

A researcher is trying to construct a molecular-based phylogeny of the entire animal kingdom. Assuming that none of the following genes is absolutely conserved, which of the following would be the best choice on which to base the phylogeny? A) genes involved in chitin synthesis B) collagen genes C)genes involved in directing segmentation development D) genes involved in eye-lens synthesis

Which of the following is (are) unique to animals? A. the structural carbohydrate, chitin B. nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement C. heterotrophy D. multicellular E. cell walls

Which tissue type or organ is not correctly matched with its germ layer tissue? A. nervous--mesoderm B. muscular -- mesoderm C. stomach -- endoderm D. skin -- ectoderm E. connective tissue -- mesoderm

Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that most animals derive their nutrition by _______. A. preying on animals B. ingesting materials, digesting the materials C. consuming living, rather than dead, prey D. using enzymes to digest their food

What do animals ranging from corals to monkeys have in common? A. A mouth and an anus B. number of embryonic tissue layers C. some type of body symmetry D. presence of Hox genes

Which of the following would you classify as something other than an animal? A. Sponge B. Coral C. Jellyfish D. Choanoflagellate

Which of the following genetic precesses may be most helpful in accounting for the Cambrian explosion? A. binary fission B. random segregation C. gene duplication D. chromosomal condensation

Cadherin proteins help animal cells stick to each other. Choose which statement about cadherin in cancer cells that are metastasizing throughout a patient's body is most likely correct?

While looking at some seawater through your microscope, you spot the egg of an unknown animal. Which of the following tests could you use to determine whether the organism uses protostome or a deuterostome development? See whether the embryo _________.

The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of _______

Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because ________.

As animals have evolved large body size, they have also evolved adaptations to improve exchange of energy and materials with the environment. For example, in many larger organisms, evolution has favored lungs and a digestive tract with _______.

Much of the coordination of vertebrate body functions via chemical signals is accomplished by the ________.

Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has ________.

Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with _______.

The panting responses observed in overheated birds and mammals dissipate excess heat by ______.

The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the _______.

What can you determine from the graph?

Hummingbirds are small birds that require a regular food supply. When hummingbirds are faced w/ a situation that decreases their food supply, such as a storm, which of the following adaptations would be most useful for the bird to survive such an unpredictable and short-term absence of food resources?