Chapter 9 Bio Exam

The last reaction in the citric acid cycle produces a product that is a substrate for the first reaction of the citric acid cycle.

two ATP. In the absence of oxygen, what is the net gain of ATP for each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis?

The chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP requires that the electron transport in the inner mitochondrial membrane be coupled to proton transport across the same membrane. Chemiosmosis uses the energy of a proton gradient to make ATP; the proton gradient is formed by coupling the energy produced by electron transport with movement of protons across the membrane.

transforming the energy in glucose and related molecules in a chemical form that cells can use for work. The energy made available during cellular respiration is coupled to a production of ATP, the basic energy currency that cells use for work.

The carbon compounds are removed from these processes to serve as building blocks for other complex molecules. Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle provide many compounds that are the starting point for the synthesis of amino acids and lipids.

It is stored in NADH and FADH2. The electrons obtained from the oxidation of glucose are temporarily stored in NADH and FADH2. The energy derived from the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 is used to drive the electron transport chain and chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP.

Water. At the end of the electron transport chain, the electrons and hydrogen atoms are added to oxygen, forming water.

Glucose is consumed, and carbon dioxide is produced. The carbon in glucose is oxidized to carbon dioxide during cellular respiration

It represents the first stage in the chemical oxidation of glucose by a cell. Catabolism of glucose begins with glycolysis.

The redox reactions of the electron transport chain are directly coupled to the movement of protons across a membrane. The reduction and oxidation of electron carriers in the electron transport chain provide the energy to move protons across a membrane against the chemical gradient of protons.

Anion and cation.

Oxygen holds electrons more tightly than hydrogen does, and the net charge is zero. The oxygen and hydrogen atoms in water have partial charges, but the molecule has a net charge of zero.

A hydrogen atom is transferred to the atom that loses an electron. A hydrogen atom (proton, or H+) is often transferred to the atom that gains an electron.

Hydrogen, polar. Hydrogen loses electrons to oxygen, which is more electronegative and thus pulls the electrons closer to itself in the water molecule.

Two NADH molecules are produced by glycolysis.

substrate-level phosphorylation. A phosphate group is transferred from glyceraldehyde phosphate to ADP.

FADH2. This is a product of the citrus acid cycle.

Some ATP energy is used to start the process of glucose oxidation.

2. It takes two ATP to make four.

acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA is a reactant in the citric acid cycle.

substrate-level phosphorylation. A phosphate group is transferred from GTP to ADP.

acetyl CoA. Acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle.

2. Each glucose produces two pyruvates, each of which is converted into acetyl CoA.

6. 3 NADH + H+ are produced per each acetyl CoA that enters the citric acid cycle.

oxidative phosphorylation. This process utilizes energy released by electron transport.

Oxygen is combined with electrons and hydrogen to form water.

NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space. The energy released as electrons, which have been donated by NADH and FADH2, is passed along the electron transport chain and used to pump hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space.

kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient. Concentration gradients are a form of potential energy.

lactate and NAD+. These are the products of fermentation as it occurs in muscle cells.

The pyruvate from glycolysis is reduced to either lactate or ethanol, and NADH is oxidized to NAD+.