Chapter 6 Mastering A & P

Which form of cell-to-cell communication uses the direct transfer of electrical and chemical signals?

What determines which cell acts as targets for endocrine signals?

Art diagram figure 6.3 * identify features of cell signaling and receptors. also see (4-7)

Receptor channel

Receptor-enzyme

G-protein coupled receptor

Integrin receptor

Which specific characteristic must a signaling molecule have in order to bind to a cytosolic or nuclear receptor?

The binding of a single ligand to its receptor can activate many second messengers. Which characteristic of signal transduction systems is this?

Administration of ibuprofen can decrease pain. Why does this COX inhibitor have this effect?

A ___________ senses changes in physiological variables. (* Part A is #s 8-13)

An ___________changes physiological variables in order to restore and maintain homeostasis.

An ___________ synthesizes information coming in from many sensory pathways and sends out the proper response.

A___________ results from changes in organ activity. It can cause a change in the original stimulus

An ____________ delivers information about environmental stimuli from the periphery to the control center.

An ____________ will deliver a chemical that will affect the target organ/effector. It can be carried out by a neuron, or a classic hormone released into the blood.

Simple & Complex Reflex Pathways

Describe the function of an afferent neuron.

Sequence of events in Simple Neural Pathway.

A simple endocrine pathway will include which of the following?

Which is the best way to describe the role of the endocrine organs in both simple and complex reflex pathways?

Specialized neurons in the brain respond to changes in blood osmolarity (solute concentration). When blood osmolarity strays outside the homeostatic range, these neurons release a neurotransmitter that stimulates neurons of the posterior pituitary, which respond by releasing a different chemical into the blood that will travel via the circulatory system to the kidneys. How would you classify this type of simple reflex?

In order to prevent damage due to overstretching skeletal muscles contain specialized sensors. As a muscle stretches, information from these sensors is sent via afferent neurons to the spinal cord where the information is integrated. After integration is complete, an output signal is sent via efferent neurons to the muscle, preventing it from being stretched further. This is an example of what type of reflex pathway?

Place the events associated with a Complex neuroendocrine pathway in the correct sequential order. (using phrases regarding the Gastrointestinal coordination of protein digestion to put together a complex neuroendocrine reflex pathway in the correct sequential order.) (*Rank from earliest to latest.)

Using the scenario in part 1, what is the role of the Gastrin-producing G cell in the neuroendocrine pathway?

In the sequence of events mapped out in part 1, what is the response? (*found 8-13)

A given hormone affects____________.

Choose a true statement.

Correct example of a signal amplification.

Which type of receptor alters the cytoskeleton when its ligand binds to it?

Ion channels can be opened or closed via three signal transduction mechanisms. Two of them are extracellular signals and second messengers. What is the 3rd mechanism for opening or closing ion channels?

The ion that controls the widest variety of intracellular activities is _______________.

Signal molecules that degrade most rapidly, resulting in very brief effects, are_____________.

Which is the best example of a second messenger?

Which of the following is the most accurate definition of Homeostatis?

What is the best definition of "homeostasis"?

Which term best describes the component of a control system that receives information about the status of a homeostatically regulated variable and initiates an appropriate response?

Heating an area of the skin can cause sweat glands in that area to begin producing and releasing sweat. This is an example of what type of control system?

Examples of homeostatic regulation: 1) In response to an increase in plasma K+ concentrations, secretion of the hormone aldosterone increases and mechanisms that bring K+ levels back to normal are initiated. 2) In response to a decrease in plasma Ca2+ concentrations, secretion of parathyroid hormone increases and mechanisms that bring Ca2+ levels back to normal are initiated. Which of the statements are true?

In response to the presence of glucose in the stomach, mechanisms are set in motion resulting in release of insulin, which acts to increase glucose uptake and thus decrease blood glucose. This happens before blood glucose levels have increased. This response is best describes as_____________.

Negative feedback in reflex loops___________.

Compared to endocrine reflexes, neural reflexes_____________.

The hypothalamus senses the temperature of the blood via thermoreceptors. When blood temperature begins to drop, the hypothalamus releases a hormone, TRH, that stimulates the release of TSH from the anterior pituitary gland to release thyroid hormone (TH). TH causes a increase in body temperature, which causes the Hypothalamus to stop releasing TRH. In this reflex pathway, what is the response?

The hypothalamus senses the temperature of the blood via thermoreceptors. When blood temperature begins to drop, the hypothalamus releases a hormone, TRH, that stimulates the release of TSH from the anterior pituitary gland. TSH causes the thyroid gland to releases thyroid hormone (TH). TH causes a increase in body temperature, which causes the Hypothalamus to stop releasing TRH. Which type of reflex pathway is this thermoregulatory pathway?