Chapter 5: Biology - Mastering Microbiology

25 July 2022
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Anabolic reactions may be characterized as forming large molecules from smaller molecules. breaking large molecules into smaller molecules. exergonic. producing ATP. breaking large molecules into smaller molecules to produce ATP.
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forming large molecules from smaller molecules.
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The (activation /inhibition/saturation) point of an enzyme is reached when all active sites have bound substrate molecules.
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saturation
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The molecule that an enzyme acts upon is known as its apoenzyme. catalyst. substrate. holoenzyme. coenzyme.
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substrate
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How does a competitive inhibitor slow enzyme catalysis? They produce products toxic to the enzymes. They degrade the substrate. They bind to the substrate. They compete with the substrate for the enzyme's active site.
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They compete with the substrate for the enzyme's active site.
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What enables competitive inhibitors to bind to a specific enzyme? Competitive inhibitors have structures that resemble the enzyme's substrate. Competitive inhibitors have unique sugars that are attracted to the enzyme. Competitive inhibitors form unique covalent bonds with enzyme structures. Competitive inhibitors cover the entire surface of an enzyme.
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Competitive inhibitors have structures that resemble the enzyme's substrate.
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If high amounts of sulfanilamide are in the presence of an enzyme whose substrate is PABA, what outcome is expected? PABA products will increase in concentration. The substrate will destroy the inhibitor. Sulfanilamide products will be in higher concentration. The enzyme will stop functioning.
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The enzyme will stop functioning.
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Which of the following statements regarding competitive inhibitors is true? The inhibitor will degrade the substrate. The inhibitor will destroy the substrate. The inhibitor will destroy the enzyme. Competitive inhibitors decrease the rate of enzyme activity.
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Competitive inhibitors decrease the rate of enzyme activity.
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Why do all enzymatic reactions need activation energy? Energy is required by an enzyme so that it can be reused. Energy is required to disrupt a substrate's stable electron configuration. Energy allows only the substrate to bind. Energy is needed for the enzyme to find its substrate.
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Energy is required to disrupt a substrate's stable electron configuration.
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What is meant by the statement "Enzymes are biological catalysts"? Enzymes produce products useful for biology. Enzymes speed up the chemical reactions in living cells. Enzymes are products of biological systems. Enzymes produce biological organisms.
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Enzymes speed up the chemical reactions in living cells.
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Why are enzymes important to biological systems? Enzymes increase the energy barrier required of chemical reactions. Enzymes prevent unwanted chemical by-products from forming. Enzymes are reuseable. Enzymes decrease the amount of activation energy required for chemical reactions to occur.
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Enzymes decrease the amount of activation energy required for chemical reactions to occur.
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During glycolysis, glucose is converted to (pyruvic/acetic/lactic) acid, a molecule that can be used in either fermentation or respiration pathways.
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pyruvic
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Where is the majority of ATP generated in most eukaryotic cells? in the cytosol in the outer membrane of the mitochondria in the mitochondrial matrix on ribosomes in the cytoplasmic membrane
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in the mitochondrial matrix
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Glycolysis begins with a(n) ________ stage(s). lysis energy-conservation energy-investment lysis and energy-conservation energy-investment and conservation
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energy-investment
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Why is ATP required for glycolysis? ATP is used to reduce NAD+ to NADH. ATP is used to convert PEP into pyruvic acid. ATP is used to convert DHAP into G3P. ATP makes it easier to break apart glucose into two three-carbon molecules.
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ATP makes it easier to break apart glucose into two three-carbon molecules.
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Glycolysis literally means energy producing. sugar producing. Embden-Meyerhof. sugar splitting.
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sugar splitting.
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How many net ATPs can be made from one molecule of glucose in glycolysis? Two One Six Four
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Two
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What carbon molecules remain at the end of glycolysis? Glucose Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) Pyruvic acid
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Pyruvic acid
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Which of the following statements about glycolysis is true? All cells perform glycolysis. Glycolysis is also called the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. Glycolysis is the main source of NADH in the cell. Glycolysis produces glucose.
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Glycolysis is also called the Embden-Meyerhof pathway.
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The various types of chlorophyll differ in the number of electrons they release. amount of ATP they produce. amount of oxygen they utilize. wavelengths of light they absorb. amount of light they can absorb.
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wavelengths of light they absorb
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Light energy is used to fuel the assembly of carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates in the process known as fermentation. gluconeogenesis. chemiosmosis. oxidation. photosynthesis.
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photosynthesis
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In metabolism, energy that is not used is used to build up large compounds from smaller ones. is used to break down large molecules into smaller ones. is given off as heat. is stored in the form of ATP.
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is given off as heat
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The reactions involved in producing larger compounds from smaller compounds is called metabolism. anabolism. catabolism.
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anabolism
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Where does the energy required for anabolic reactions come from? Catabolic reactions Heat Unused energy from metabolism
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catabolic reactions
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The use of amino acids to make proteins is a completely efficient reaction. is an example of anabolism. involves the production of ATP. is an example of catabolism.
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is an example of anabolism
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What is the role of light energy in photosynthesis? To produce carbon dioxide To make glucose in the Calvin-Benson cycle To manufacture chloroplasts To produce a proton gradient to make ATP
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To produce a proton gradient to make ATP
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Which of the following is used in photosynthesis by both plants and cyanobacteria? Carbon dioxide Water Sunlight Water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide
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Water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide
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What molecule is used to capture light energy? ATP Water Carbon dioxide NADPH Chlorophyll
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Chlorophyll
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Enzymes speed up the rate at which chemical reactions occur within a cell because the enzyme __________. raises the activation energy of the reaction lowers the activation energy of the reaction removes the need for a cofactor provides a heat source to supply energy to the reaction
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lowers the activation energy of the reaction
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The purpose of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is to __________. create ATP from NADPH absorb light energy and use it for ATP and NADPH synthesis create glucose from carbon dioxide and water absorb light energy and use it to catabolize glucose
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absorb light energy and use it for ATP and NADPH synthesis
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Which of the following is NOT a possible end-product of a fermentation process? ethanol CO2 lactic acid glucose
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glucose