Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________.
answer
chromosomes; DNA Explanation: Chromosomes are composed of long strands of DNA.
question
The ________ of a neuron contain ________ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.
answer
terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles Explanation: The cell body (or soma) of a neuron contains organelles that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.
question
In a resting state, sodium (Na+) is at a higher concentration outside the cell and potassium (K+) is more concentrated inside the cell. During an action potential, the sodium levels ________ inside the cell.
answer
increase Explanation: The sodium levels inside the cell increase during an action potential. This is because when the action potential is triggered, the sodium channels in the cell membrane open, allowing sodium ions to enter the cell. This influx of sodium ions causes the cell to become more positive, which depolarizes the cell and causes the action potential to propagate.
question
A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ________.
answer
undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration Explanation: If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will be twice as large.
question
Which neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression?
answer
dopamine; norepinephrine; serotonin Explanation: Several neurotransmitters have been implicated in appetite suppression, including norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine. Norepinephrine is thought to reduce appetite by increasing energy expenditure and by inhibiting the release of hunger-stimulating hormones from the gut. Serotonin is thought to reduce appetite by increasing satiety and by inhibiting the release of hunger-stimulating hormones from the gut. Dopamine is thought to reduce appetite by reducing the motivation to eat and by increasing satiety.
question
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________.
answer
depression Explanation: The most common use of SSRIs is to treat major depressive disorder. SSRIs can also be used to treat other mental disorders such as anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder.
question
The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.
answer
sympathetic Explanation: The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.
question
________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels.
answer
homeostasis Explanation: Homeostasis is the ability of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment. The internal environment includes all of the conditions inside the body, such as temperature, pH, and concentration of various chemicals. The ability to maintain a constant internal environment is essential for survival because it allows the organism to carry out its normal functions.There are many different mechanisms that animals use to maintain homeostasis. For example, the body temperature is kept within a narrow range by the action of the hypothalamus, a region of the brain that controls the body's temperature. The hypothalamus monitors the body's temperature and sends signals to the body to make adjustments when necessary. For example, when the body temperature gets too high, the hypothalamus signals the body to sweat, which helps to cool the body down.
question
The brain contains ________ of interconnected neurons and glia.
answer
billions Explanation: The brain contains billions of interconnected neurons and glia.
question
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury?
answer
Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors. Explanation: The case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury, can be used to conclude that brain injuries can lead to changes in personality and behavior.
question
Broca's area is located in which lobe of the brain?
answer
frontal Explanation:The case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury, can be used to conclude that brain injuries can lead to changes in personality and behavior.
question
Randolf is walking down the street of his hometown, after being away for several years, when he smells the scent of freshly baked pie coming from a local baker. He suddenly has vivid memories of walking down this street as a child, holding both of his parents' hands, and swinging between them, feeling relaxed and happy. This is because the sense of smell projects directly to the ________, which is responsible for ________ memories.
answer
limbic system; emotional Explanation: The sense of smell projects directly to the amygdala, which is responsible for emotional memories.
question
Henry Gustav Molaison (H. M.) had brain surgery for which of the following reasons?
answer
severe seizure Explanation: Henry Gustav Molaison (H. M.) had brain surgery for the treatment of intractable epilepsy. The surgery, which was performed in 1953, removed a large portion of his hippocampus and other structures in the medial temporal lobe. This resulted in a profound and permanent loss of declarative memory.
question
The ________ is located deep within the brain, and it includes structures such as the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area.
answer
midbrain Explanation: The basal ganglia is located deep within the brain, and it includes structures such as the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. The basal ganglia is responsible for motor control and is implicated in a number of neurological disorders.
question
________ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior.
answer
dopamine Explanation: Dopamine is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior. It is also involved in many other processes, including learning, memory, and motor control.
question
Ainsley is participating in a study that aims to determine whether the occipital cortex becomes more active in response to moving versus stationary stimuli. When she arrives at the lab, she ingests a "tracer" and then enters the scanning machine. What type of brain imaging is most likely being conducted in this study?
answer
positron emission tomography (PET) Explanation: Ainsley is most likely participating in a PET scan. A PET scan is a brain imaging procedure that uses a tracer to measure brain activity. The tracer is injected into the body and then travels to the brain. The scanner then measures the amount of tracer in the brain and produces a image of the brain activity.
question
The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as ________.
answer
hormones Explanation: The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as hormones. Hormones are released into the bloodstream and travel to various parts of the body to help regulate metabolism, growth and development, and reproduction.
question
Which type of chemical messenger do the male gonads secrete?
answer
androgens Explanation: The male gonads secrete testosterone, a hormone that is responsible for the development of the male reproductive organs and the secondary sex characteristics of males. Testosterone is also responsible for the production of sperm.
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