Which of the following provides a first line of defense against pathogens?
antimicrobial proteins
complement
intact skin and mucous membranes
inflammation
answer
Intact skin and mucous membranes
question
With what does our immune system coat pathogens to facilitate their capture and accelerate phagocytosis?
answer
Opsonins
question
Four (or five) cardinal signs indicate inflammation. What specific sign of inflammation is the result of exudate in the tissue spaces?
answer
Edema (swelling)
question
Which of the following inflammatory chemicals is/are released by mast cells?
histamine
kinins
prostaglandins
complement
answer
Histamine
question
What characterizes the chemotaxis phase of phagocyte mobilization?
answer
Neutrophils and other WBC's migrate up the gradient of chemotactic agents to the site of injury
question
What protein can be released by infected cells to help protect cells that have not yet been infected?
answer
Interferon
question
How do interferons protect against viral infection in healthy cells?
answer
Interferons block viral reproduction in healthy cells through the production of antiviral proteins.
question
Which of the following phases involves white blood cells leaving capillaries?
leukocytosis
diapedesis
chemotaxis
margination
answer
Diapedesis
question
Which of the following is an effect of complement activation?
tissue repair
T cell activation
opsonization
fever
answer
Opsonization
question
Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________.
answer
Opsonization
question
Innate immune system defenses include ________.
answer
Phagocytosis
question
Which of the following is not a complement activation pathway?
classical pathway
lactate pathway
alternative pathway
lectin pathway
answer
Lactate pathway
question
The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis.
T or F
answer
True
question
Which of the following are NOT correctly matched?
severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID): genetic defect resulting in a shortage of B and/or T cells
immediate hypersensitivity: allergic contact dermatitis
AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome): helper T cells are destroyed by a virus
multiple sclerosis: autoimmune disorder
Select the correct statement about antigens.
"Self-antigens" is another name for incomplete antigens.
Only small antigens exhibit reactivity.
The largest type of antigen is called a hapten.
One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.
answer
One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.
question
How does a lymphocyte exhibit immunocompetence?
answer
by being able to recognize their one specific antigen
question
Which of the following statements does NOT describe the adaptive immune response?
It occurs immediately after the body is challenged by foreign material.
It is specific.
It has memory.
It is systemic.
answer
It occurs immediately after the body is challenged by foreign material
question
What cells engulf antigens and present fragments of them on their own surfaces for recognition?
answer
Dendritic cells
question
B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________.
answer
Bone marrow
question
The antivenom used to treat venomous snake bites is an antibody produced in an animal such as a horse. Suppose these antibodies are injected into a patient who has been bitten by a venomous snake--how would you classify the resulting humoral immunity?
answer
Passive immunity, artificially acquired
question
Which of the following best illustrates artificially acquired active humoral immunity?
antivenoms
vaccines
infection
antibodies received in breast milk
answer
vaccines
question
What part of the antibody's structure determines its class?
answer
Constant region
question
What occurs when antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial endotoxins
answer
Neutralization
question
Which mechanism(s) of antibody action result(s) in cell lysis?
answer
Complement fixation and activation
question
T cells achieve self-tolerance in the ____
answer
Thymus
question
What cell is an antigen-presenting cell?
answer
B cells
question
Which of the following statements regarding the primary versus the secondary immune response is true?
A primary response results when naive lymphocytes are activated, while a secondary response is a result of activating memory cells.
The antibodies produced in a primary response bind to antigens more efficiently than the antibodies produced in a secondary immune response.
A primary response leads to higher levels of antibodies than does a secondary response.
A primary response occurs faster than a secondary response.
answer
A primary response results when naive lymphocytes are activated, while a secondary response is a result of activating memory cells
question
Vaccines provide what type of immunity?
answer
Artificial immunity
question
Which of the following are properly matched?
IgG: most abundant antibody
IgM: secreted in tears
IgA: primary antibody during primary immune response
IgE: primary antibody of the secondary immune response
answer
IgG: most abundant antibody
question
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?
booster shot of vaccine
infusion of weakened viruses
exposure to an antigen
passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
answer
passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus
question
The primary immune response ________
occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response
occurs when memory cells are stimulated
is another name for immunological memory
has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
answer
has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
question
Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies.
T or F
answer
True
question
What type of cell is the precursor to the helper T cell?
answer
CD4 Cell
question
What activates CD8 cells?
answer
Antigen fragments on class I MHC proteins
question
What type of T cell can directly attack and kill other cells, such as virus-infected cells?
answer
cytotoxic T cells
question
Which of the following are NOT appropriately matched?
B cells: produce free antibodies
helper T cells: destroy infected cells
cytotoxic T cells: destroy virally infected cells
macrophages: antigen-presenting cells
answer
helper T cells: destroy infected cells
question
Kills cancer cells and virus infected body cells
answer
Cytotoxic T Cells
question
Absence results in no immune response
answer
Helper T cell
question
Forms antibody producing cells
answer
B cell
question
Slows or stops the immune system
answer
Regulatory t cell
question
Enables quick and efficient response to secondary exposure to antigen
answer
Memory cells
question
T-cell activation requires ________.
answer
Antigen binding and co-stimulation
question
What occurs if a T cell binds to an antigen and the T cell does NOT receive a co-stimulatory signal?
answer
The T cell enters a state of anergy
question
Which lymphocytes act as the bridge between the cellular and humoral responses?
answer
Helper T cell
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