Chapter 12 13 Nutrition

Amounts of their contents in the body.

Sodium.

Maintain a strong acidity.

Potatoes

Vitamin D, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone.

Oxalates

The clotting of blood.

Bones

The amounts in foods are dependent, in part, on soil composition

Bioavailability.

Hemoglobin

Myoglobin

Transferrin

Essential minerals the body needs in large amounts

Essential minerals the body needs in small amounts

Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance, assists in nerve impulse transmission and muscle contractions

They filter out sodium out of the blood and returns the amount of sodium needed back to the blood; they also excrete excess water and sodium after water consumption

No, because diets rarely lack it and even when their intakes are low, the body adapts by reducing it's losses in urine and sweat

Bone structure and Calcium Bank

The bones provide a nearly inexhaustible bank of calcium for the blood. The blood borrows and returns calcium as needed, so even with an inadequate diet, levels stay normal

Milk and milk products

Early on it can cause a limited ability to peak with bone mass/density; also results in bone loss which can lead to osteoperosis

It can lead to kidney stones

Assists in energy metabolism, part of the major buffer system, part of DNA and RNA therefore it is necessary for growth

85% of phosphorus in the body is combined with calcium in the hydroxyapatite crystals of bone and teeth

No, it is rare because it is commonly found in almost all foods

Bone health, part of the protein making machine, helps with the immune system, and is necessary for energy metabolism

Helps create gastric acid in the stomach to help break down protein, helps maintain fluid/electrolyte balance

Helps maintain cell integrity and aids in muscle contractions and nerve impulse transmission

Part of proteins and helps stabilize their shape, part of biotin, thiamine, and the hormone insulin

Calcium and Chloride

Calcium and Potassium

Phosphorus and Magneisum

Releases iron more slowly than ferritin and is another storage protein

Heredity hemochromatosis

A genetic failure that prevents unneeded iron in the diet from being absorbed

It refers to the depleted body iron stores without regard to the degree of depletion or to the presence of anemia

It refers to the severe depletion of iron stores that results in low hemoglobin concentration

It replaces the hydroxyl in the hydroxyapatite to make fluorapatite which makes teeth stronger and protect from dental decay

Chromium

A sever iodine deficiency during pregnancy that causes extreme and irreversible mental and physical retardation to the fetus

Zinc

Antioxidant nutrient: it fights against oxidation

Bone, Liver, Pancreas, Kidneys

It is a cofactor for enzymes that facilitate metabolism

Impairs the body's growth, work capacity, and general health

Inside the cell: 2/3rds of the body's cellular fluids

Outside the cell: 1/3rd of the body's cellular fluids

Water

A lack of sodium in the blood

90%

50%

2 cups

64 oz.

Blood pressure and blood volume

An enzyme released by kidney cells when blood pressure is low; it tells the kidneys to reabsorbs sodium

A Protein in the Liver that is broken dow to Angiotensin 1. Angiotensin 1 is inactive until broken down to its active form Angiotensin 2.

A powerful vasoconstrictor that narrows the diameters of the blood vessels, thereby raising the blood pressure.

Antidiuretic hormone that is released by the pituitary gland when blood volume or blood pressure is to low.

Stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water.

More water retention and high blood pressure

A hormone that is released by the adrenal glands because of angiotensin

Signals the kidneys to excrete potassium and to retain more sodium, therefore, more water

Water follows

Salt

Salts dissociated into ions; they attract water

The movement of water across a membrane to the more concentrated solutes

Using ATP as an energy source, it actively exchanges sodium for potassium across the cell membrane

In-organic

Affect other minerals

Potassium, sodium, and chloride

High blood pressure

A principle intracellular cation

Low

Overconsumption of potassium salts or supplements

1%

30%

Too much calcium in the blood which results in muscle contraction without relaxation; too little Vitamin D or abnormal secretion of regulatory hormones

Too little calcium in the blood which results in uncontrollable muscle contraction; too little Vitamin D or abnormal secretion of regulatory hormones

Blood Calcium Levels

Physical Activity

Hard outer shell of the bone and gives up calcium to the blood; loss begins to occur around age 40

Soft, spongy bone that gives up calcium when diet runs out; loss begins around age 30

Found in foods only derived from flesh, represents about 10% of iron consumed in a day, about 25% is absorbed in the body

Found in foods derived from plants and animals, about 17% is absorbed in the body

Vitamin C, Sugar (Fructose), and MFP(Meats, fish, poultry)

Phytates

Women and old people

Iron deficiency disease in which the person craves/consumes non food products such as chalk

Free radical formation

Hemoglobin

Grain products

A dental issue where too much fluoride is consumed and the issue is usually only during childhood development and is irreversible

Oxidation of energy yielding nutrients through the electron transport chain.

Sodium

Chloride

Potassium

Hydrogen Phosphate