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Biology 2: Chapter 8

Zayne Edwards avatar Zayne Edwards
24 July 2022
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question
Each muscle is an organ. What 4 things make up this organ?
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Skeletal muscle tissue, connective tissue, nervous tissue and blood.
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A sarcomere is best described as what?
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Unit within a microfibril.
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Myofibrils are composed primarily of _______ and _______.
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Myosin and Actin.
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A motor unit includes...
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Several muscle fibers and 1 motor nueron.
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Layers of dense connective tissue that surround and separate each muscle are known as ________.
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Fascia.
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_______ are cord like structure that are fused to the periosteum of bones.
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Tendons.
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A motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it controls constitute a _______.
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Motor Unit.
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Which type of tubule is located on the surface invaginations of the sacolemma?
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Transverse (T) Tubules
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A broad fibrous sheet of connective tissue that attaches the coverings of adjacent muscles called ________.
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Aponeurons
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The organization of actin and myosin filaments produces ________.
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Striations
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All the muscle fibers of a motor unit _______.
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Contract together
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Motor neurons stimulate muscle fibers to ______.
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Contract
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_______ separates individual muscle fibers.
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Endomysium
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The impulse that triggers a contraction travels deep into a muscle fiber by means of ________.
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Transverse Tubules
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Three types of muscle tissue are:
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Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac
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Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles within _______.
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Motor Neuron Endings
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The enzyme acetylcholinesterase causes acetylcholine to ________.
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Decompose
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Creatine phosphate serves to supply energy for the synthesis of ______.
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ATP
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ADP molecules on the surface of actin serve as active sites for the formation of cross bridges with molecules of _______.
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Myosin
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The amount of oxygen needed to support the conversion of lactic acid to glucose is called the ______.
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Oxygen Debt
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A muscle cramp is likely due to a lack of ______.
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ATP
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The enzyme ______ occurs in the globular portion of myosin molecules.
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ATPase
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A muscle impulse signals the _______ to release calcium ions.
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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
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An example of a partial but sustained contraction would be ______.
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Muscle Tone
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The discoloration and swelling the may accompany a muscle strain is due to _______.
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Ruptured Blood Vessels
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The all-or-none response means what?
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That a muscle fiber contracts completely: it cannot contract partially.
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The botulinus toxin that causes botulism acts by preventing the release of _______.
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Acetylcholine.
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Rigor mortis the occurs in skeletal muscles a few hours after death is due to lack of ______, which prevents muscle _______.
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ATP, Relaxation
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The pigment responsible for the reddish brown color of skeletal muscle is called _______.
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Myoglobin
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During anaerobic Respiration, glucose molecules are converted into molecules of _______.
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Pyruvic Acid
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Muscle fatigue is most likely due to an accumulation of _______.
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Lactic Acid
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The increase in the number of motor units activated when the intensity of stimulation increases is called _______.
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Recruitment
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In a recording of a muscle twitch, the delay between the time a stimulus is applied and the time a muscle responds is called the _______.
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Latent Period
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Activities such as swimming and running are most likely to stimulate development of ________.
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Slow fatigue-resistant muscle fibers
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What happens to a muscle when it undergoes atrophy in response to disuse?
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There is a reduction in capillary networks, the number of mitochondria decreases, and the size of the actin and myosin filaments decreases.
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The lag between the time a muscle is stimulated and the beginning of its response is called the ______.
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Latent Period
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The minimal strength of a stimulation needed to elicit a muscle contraction is called ______.
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Threshold Stimulus
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The rhythmic, wavelike motion produced by smooth muscle in tubular visceral organs is called ______.
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Peristalsis
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The enlargement of muscle fibers as a result of physical exercise is called ________.
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Hypertrophy
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Compare smooth muscle and skeletal muscle.
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Smooth muscle contracts more rapidly and relaxes more rapidly, skeletal muscle has striations and smooth does not.
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List the two neurotransmitters that affect smooth muscle cells.
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Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine
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Muscles that assist a prime mover are called ______.
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Synergies
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_______ and ______ together can produce a sustained contraction of increasing strength.
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Summation and Recruitment
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Which types of muscle can change length without changing tension?
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Smooth Muscle
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The type of movement a skeletal muscle produces depends on the way the muscle attaches on either side of a _______.
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Joint
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Compress Cheeks
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Buccinator
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Raises Eyebrows
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Epicranius
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Closes Lips
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Orbicularis Oris
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Extends over neck from chest to face
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Platysma
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Can raise and adduct scapula
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Rhomboideus Major
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Can pull head into upright position
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Splenius Capitis
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Inserted on coronoid process of mandible
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Temporalis
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Draws corner of mouth upward
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Zygomaticus
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Inserted on radial tuberosity
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Biceps Brachii
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Inserted on coronoid process of ulna
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Brachialis
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Abducts arm
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Deltoid
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Pulls shoulder back and downward
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Latissimus Dorsi
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Pulls arm forward and across chest
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Pectoralis Major
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Rotates forearm medially
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Pronator Teres
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Rotates arm laterally
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Teres Minor
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Extends forearm at elbow
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Triceps Brachii
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Hamstring Muscle
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Biceps Femoris
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Compresses contents of abdominal cavity
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External Oblique
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Plantar flexor of foot
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Gastrocnemius
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Extends thigh
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Gluteus Maximus
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Abducts thigh
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Gluteus Medius
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Adducts thigh
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Gracilis
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Member of quadriceps femoris group
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Rectus femoris
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Inverts foot
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Tibialis Anterior
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Where is acetylchloinesterase found?
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In the synapse between the neuron and the muscle membrane.
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A series of involuntary contractions of various voluntary muscles known as a _______.
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Convulsion