Tardigrades can survive both extreme heat and extreme cold.
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What has to happen for a tardigrade to become a tun?
answer
It has to lose most of its water.
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Which Kingdom do tardigrades belong to?
answer
Animalia
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Why is so little known about tardigrade evolution?
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Their fossils are difficult to find.
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You wish to find tardigrades. Where would likely be the best place for you to look?
answer
in moss
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What is a trochophore?
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a distinctive type of larva with a band of cilia
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One trait that is shared by the Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa is_____.
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Both groups are bilaterally symmetric triploblasts with the protostome pattern of development.
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Which protostome phylum is distinguished by having body segments organized into tagmata?
answer
Arthropoda
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What is the function of the arthropod exoskeleton?
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It provides protection and functions in locomotion.
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Propose an explanation for why annelids and arthropods were thought to be closely related, before phylogenetic analyses in the late 1990s.
answer
They have segmented bodies, unlike other protostomes.
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Adaptive radiations are said to occur when a lineage rapidly diversifies (that is, many new species arise). Adaptive radiations can be triggered by morphological innovations, ecological opportunities, or both. Do you think insects experienced an adaptive radiation?
answer
Insects experienced an adaptive radiation.
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Which of the following nested groups best describes the taxonomic context for the question of the origin of maxillipeds?
answer
Protostomia > Ecdysozoa > Arthropoda > Crustacea
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Did insects evolve from remipedes?
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No. They share a recent common ancestor that they both evolved from.
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Why wouldn't you conclude that the aquatic state evolved multiple times in protostomes?
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The outgroup is aquatic.
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Lophotrochozoan phyla include _____.
answer
mollusks, annelids, and flatworms
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What does phylogenetic evidence tell us about protostomes?
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There were multiple transitions from water to land.
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What part of the squid is homologous to the snail foot?
answer
Tentacles
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Where should the origin of spiral cleavage be placed on the phylogenetic tree?
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At the base of Lophotrocozoa
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Where should the origin of the ecdysozoan cuticle be placed on the phylogenetic tree?
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At the base of the Ecdysozoan
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Where should the origin of a flattened, acoelomate body plan be placed on the phylogenetic tree?
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At the base of Platyhelminthes
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Where should the loss of spiral cleavage be placed on the phylogenetic tree?
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Within the rotifers
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How would you expect a snail that lives on land to be different from a snail that lives in the water?
answer
Snails that live on land keep their eggs in an egg case.
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Lophotrochozoan phyla have a lophophore, a specialized structure for _____.
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suspension feeding
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The molluscan body plan is based on three major components: the foot, the visceral mass, and the _______.
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mantle
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Wormlike lineages of lophotrochozoans are distinguished by specialized _____.
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mouthparts or feeding structures
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Long before humans invented it to power aircraft, jet propulsion evolved in _____.
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cephalopod mollusks
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The signature animal morphological feature called the corona (a cluster of cilia) is found in _____.
answer
rotifers
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Nematodes and arthropods are the largest ecdysozoan phyla.
Which of the following statements are true?
answer
Both nematodes and arthropods must molt in order to increase in size.
Both nematodes and arthropods possess an external covering, or cuticle.
Arthropods possess an open circulatory system.
Some nematodes are parasitic on humans.
Arthropods are named for their jointed appendages.
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Where should the origin of jointed appendages be placed on the phylogenetic tree?
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At the base of Arthropoda
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Where should the origin of segmented limbs be placed on the phylogenetic tree?
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At the base of the clade that contains the Tardigrada, Onychophora, and Arthropoda.
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What characterizes an ecdysozoan?
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Ecdysozoans grow by molting.
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Why do crustaceans have a carapace?
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It protects the cephalothorax.
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How do hemimetabolous and holometabolous metamorphosis differ?
answer
Hemimetabolous metamorphosis is incomplete, while holometabolous metamorphosis is complete.
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