Ch 30- Intro To Animals

3 September 2022
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C) nervous system signal conduction and muscular
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1) Which of the following is (are) unique to animals? A) cells that have mitochondria B) the structural carbohydrate, chitin C) nervous system signal conduction and muscular movement D) heterotrophy E) flagellated gametes
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C) organism C
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2) As you are on the way to Tahiti for a vacation, your plane crash-lands on a previously undiscovered island. You soon find that the island is teeming with unfamiliar organisms, and you, as a student of biology, decide to survey them (with the aid of the Insta-Lab Portable Laboratory you brought along in your suitcase). You select three organisms and observe them in detail, making the notations found in the figure above. Which organism would you classify as an animal? (PICTURE) A) organism A B) organism B C) organism C
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B) ingesting it
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3) Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that most animals derive their nutrition by _____. A) preying on animals B) ingesting it C) consuming living, rather than dead, prey D) using enzymes to digest their food
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B) Tp lacks muscle and nerve cells.
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Trichoplax adhaerens (Tp) is the only living species in the phylum Placozoa. Individuals are about 1 mm wide and only 27 μm high, are irregularly shaped, and consist of a total of about 2000 cells, which are diploid (2n = 12). There are four types of cells, none of which are nerve or muscle cells, and none of which have cell walls. They move using cilia, and any "edge" can lead. Tp feeds on marine microbes, mostly unicellular green algae, by crawling atop the algae and trapping it between its ventral surface and the substrate. Enzymes are then secreted onto the algae, and the resulting nutrients are absorbed. Tp sperm cells have never been observed, nor have embryos past the 64-cell (blastula) stage. 4) Which of the following Tp traits is different from all other known animals? A) Tp is multicellular. B) Tp lacks muscle and nerve cells. C) Tp has cilia. D) Tp lacks cell walls.
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C) segmentation
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5) Which morphological trait evolved more than once in animals, according to the phylogeny based on DNA sequence data found in the figure above? A) coelom B) bilateral symmetry C) segmentation D) tissue E) protostome development
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E) flagellated protist
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6) The last common ancestor of all animals was probably a _____. A) unicellular chytrid B) unicellular yeast C) multicellular algae D) multicellular fungus E) flagellated protist
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C) 3 and 5
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7) Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is (are) true? 1. Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi. 2. All animal clades based on body plan have been found to be incorrect. 3. Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic. 4. Animals only reproduce sexually. 5. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates. A) 5 only B) 1 and 2 C) 3 and 5 D) 3, 4, and 5 E) 2 and 4
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B) The fossil evidence will be understood to have been interpreted incorrectly because it is incomplete.
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8) If in the future the current molecular evidence regarding animal origins is further substantiated, what will be true of any contrary evidence regarding the origin of animals derived from the fossil record? A) The contrary fossil evidence will be seen as a hoax. B) The fossil evidence will be understood to have been interpreted incorrectly because it is incomplete. C) The fossil record will henceforth be ignored. D) Phylogenies involving even the smallest bit of fossil evidence will need to be discarded. E) Only phylogenies based solely on fossil evidence will need to be discarded.
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D) choanoflagellates
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9) Which of the following would you classify as something other than an animal? A) sponges B) coral C) jellyfish D) choanoflagellates
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A) monophyletic
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10) According to the evidence collected so far, the animal kingdom is _____. A) monophyletic B) paraphyletic C) polyphyletic D) euphyletic E) multiphyletic
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C) radial symmetry
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11) The central nervous system is lacking in animals that have _____. A) a complete gut B) bilateral symmetry C) radial symmetry D) a closed circulatory system E) excitable membranes
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A) nervous — mesoderm
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12) Which tissue type, or organ, is NOT correctly matched with its germ layer tissue? A) nervous — mesoderm B) muscular — mesoderm C) stomach — endoderm D) skin — ectoderm E) skeletal — mesoderm
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E) You see a mouth, but not an anus.
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13) In examining an unknown animal species during its embryonic development, how can you be sure what you are looking at is a protostome and not a deuterostome? A) There is evidence of cephalization. B) You see a well-developed coelom. C) The animal is triploblastic. D) The animal is clearly bilaterally symmetrical. E) You see a mouth, but not an anus.
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E) It sheds its external skeleton to grow.
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14) You find a new species of worm and want to classify it. Which of the following lines of evidence would allow you to classify the worm as a nematode and not an annelid? A) It undergoes protostome development. B) It is segmented. C) It is triploblastic. D) It has a coelom. E) It sheds its external skeleton to grow.
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C) The mouth and anus form the ends of the inner tube.
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15) Which of the following is a feature of the tube-within-a-tube body plan in most animal phyla? A) The outer tube consists of a hard exoskeleton. B) The outer tube consists of digestive organs. C) The mouth and anus form the ends of the inner tube. D) The two "tubes" are separated by tissue that comes from embryonic endoderm.
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A) endoderm
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16) The digestive system of most animals is lined with cells through which nutrients are absorbed. What is the embryonic origin of these cells? A) endoderm B) ectoderm C) mesoderm
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A) lining the straw
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17) If you think of the earthworm body plan as a drinking straw within a pipe, where would you expect to find most of the tissues that developed from endoderm? A) lining the straw B) lining the space between the pipe and the straw C) forming the outside of the pipe D) forming the outside of the straw
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B) type of body cavity (coelom vs. pseudocoelom vs. no coelom)
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18) Among protostomes, which morphological trait has shown the most variation? A) type of symmetry (bilateral vs. radial vs. none) B) type of body cavity (coelom vs. pseudocoelom vs. no coelom) C) number of embryonic tissue types (diploblasty vs. triploblasty) D) type of development (protostome vs. deuterostome)
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E) The pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus.
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19) What do all deuterostomes have in common? A) Adults are bilaterally symmetrical. B) Embryos have pharyngeal pouches that may or may not form gill slits. C) All have a spinal column. D) All have specialized head and tail regions. E) The pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus.
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C) gastrulation
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20) At which developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a diploblastic embryo from a triploblastic embryo? A) fertilization B) cleavage C) gastrulation D) coelom formation E) metamorphosis
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D) Muscular activity of its digestive system distorts the body wall.
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21) You have before you a living organism, which you examine carefully. Which of the following should convince you that the organism is acoelomate? A) It is triploblastic. B) It has bilateral symmetry. C) It possesses sensory structures at its anterior end. D) Muscular activity of its digestive system distorts the body wall.
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A) contributed to a hydrostatic skeleton, allowing greater range of motion
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22) What was an early selective advantage of a coelom in animals? A coelom _____. A) contributed to a hydrostatic skeleton, allowing greater range of motion B) was a more efficient digestive system C) allowed cephalization and the formation of a cerebral ganglion D) allowed asexual and sexual reproduction
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B) The removal of the acoel flatworms (Acoela) from the Platyhelminthes allowed the remaining
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23) In the traditional phylogeny (A), the phylum Platyhelminthes is depicted as a sister taxon to the rest of the protostome phyla and as having diverged earlier from the lineage that led to the rest of the protostomes. In the molecular phylogeny (B), Platyhelminthes is depicted as a lophotrochozoan phylum. What probably led to this change?(PICTURE) A) Platyhelminthes ceased to be recognized as true protostomes. B) The removal of the acoel flatworms (Acoela) from the Platyhelminthes allowed the remaining flatworms to be a monophyletic clade clearly tied to the Lophotrochozoa. C) All Platyhelminthes must have a well-developed lophophore as their feeding apparatus. D) Platyhelminthes' close genetic ties to the arthropods became clear as their Hox gene sequences were studied.
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A) is bilaterally symmetrical
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24) An organism that exhibits cephalization probably also _____. A) is bilaterally symmetrical B) has a hydrostatic skeleton C) has a coelom D) is segmented E) is diploblastic
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B) The mosquito would have trouble digesting food, due to impaired gut function.
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25) Suppose a researcher for a pest-control company developed a chemical that inhibited the development of an embryonic mosquito's endodermal cells. Which of the following would be a likely mechanism by which this pesticide works? A) The mosquito would develop a weakened exoskeleton that would make it vulnerable to trauma. B) The mosquito would have trouble digesting food, due to impaired gut function. C) The mosquito would have trouble with respiration and circulation, due to impaired muscle function. D) The mosquito wouldn't be affected at all.
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D) Some pseudocoelomates and acoelomates have evolved from coelomates.
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26) What does this reclassification based on molecular data imply about the evolution of acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, and coelomates? (PICTURE) A) Pseudocoelomates can be seen as an intermediate stage between acoelomate and coelomate development. B) Although acoelomates and pseudocoelomates evolved only once, coelomates evolved multiple times in different lineages. C) Only the animals that evolved earliest are acoelomates. D) Some pseudocoelomates and acoelomates have evolved from coelomates.
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C) live in aquatic habitats
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27) Choanoflagellates _____. A) are usually parasitic B) are motile as adults C) live in aquatic habitats D) are animals
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A) triploblastic
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28) An adult animal that possesses bilateral symmetry would most likely be _____. A) triploblastic B) a deuterostome C) coelomates D) diploblastic
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A) most sponges
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Trichoplax adhaerens (Tp) is the only living species in the phylum Placozoa. Individuals are about 1 mm wide and only 27 μm high, are irregularly shaped, and consist of a total of about 2000 cells, which are diploid (2n = 12). There are four types of cells, none of which are nerve or muscle cells, and none of which have cell walls. They move using cilia, and any "edge" can lead. Tp feeds on marine microbes, mostly unicellular green algae, by crawling atop the algae and trapping it between its ventral surface and the substrate. Enzymes are then secreted onto the algae, and the resulting nutrients are absorbed. Tp sperm cells have never been observed, nor have embryos past the 64-cell (blastula) stage. 29) Tp's body symmetry seems to be most like that of _____. A) most sponges B) cnidarians C) worms D) tetrapods
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E) number of choanocytes per sponge
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30) Which of the following factors, when used to label the horizontal axis of the graph above, would account most directly for the shape of the plot? (GRAPH) A) spongin concentration (gm/unit volume) B) rate of cribrostatin synthesis (molecules/unit time) C) number of pores per sponge D) number of spicules per sponge E) number of choanocytes per sponge
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B) changes in the homeobox genes governing early development
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31) The larvae of some insects are merely small versions of the adult, whereas the larvae of other insects look completely different from adults, eat different foods, and may live in different habitats. Which of the following is most directly involved in the evolution of these variations in metamorphosis? A) artificial selection of sexually immature forms of insects B) changes in the homeobox genes governing early development C) the evolution of meiosis D) the development of an oxidizing atmosphere on Earth E) the origin of a brain
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A) oviparous reproduction
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32) To reproduce, many plants produce seeds-structures containing embryonic offspring along with nutrients inside a tough case. These offspring develop after being released by the parent plant. To which animal reproductive strategy is seed production most comparable? A) oviparous reproduction B) ovoviviparous reproduction C) viviparous reproduction
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D) suspension feeding and predation
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33) From the information provided in the figure above, how would you classify the feeding strategy of organism C? (PICTURE) A) suspension feeding B) predation C) parasitism D) suspension feeding and predation E) predation and parasitism
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A) suspension feeder
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34) Which of the following is most likely to be aquatic? A) suspension feeder B) mass feeder C) deposit feeder D) fluid feeder
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D) mass feeder
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35) A radula is a specialized feeding organ used to scrape material off of food for ingestion, much like a cheese grater scrapes shreds off of a block of cheese. Snails, which have this structure, are thus which kind of feeder? A) suspension feeder B) fluid feeder C) deposit feeder D) mass feeder
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B) ovoviviparous
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36) Most fish deposit fertilized eggs, but some sharks keep the fertilized egg inside the female until she gives birth to a relatively well-developed pup. These sharks would thus be characterized as _____. A) live-bearing B) ovoviviparous C) oviparous D) viviparous
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A) larva
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37) Following the fusion of gametes in Obelia, the resulting cell divides via mitosis to become a _____. A) larva B) polyp C) nymph D) medusa
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A) suspension feeder
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38) Comb jellies may not be the most familiar animal to you, but they are critical in the food chain because they make up a significant portion of the planktonic biomass. Their feeding strategy is predatory and involves adhesives or mucus on their tentacles or other body parts. What feeding tactic do these animals use? A) suspension feeder B) fluid feeder C) deposit feeder D) food-mass feeder
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D) a mouth and a digestive tract
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39) Due to its unusual habitat (inside the digestive tracts of other animals), the tapeworm lacks _____. A) a reproductive system B) a mouth C) a digestive tract D) a mouth and a digestive tract E) a reproductive and digestive system
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C) The developing embryo would have no appendages.
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40) In the experiment outlined in the figure above, what would you expect to happen if researchers supplied an enzyme that blocked the expression of the Dll gene? (PICTURE) A) The embryo would have appendages in abnormal locations. B) The origins of the embryo's appendages would fluoresce. C) The developing embryo would have no appendages. D) The embryo's appendages would be shorter than usual.
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B) appendages evolved separately in protostomes and deuterostomes
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41) Dll is a gene known to direct limb development in the fruit fly. Researchers studying this gene have found that it is also expressed in developing appendages in animals from many other phyla, supporting the hypothesis that all animal appendages may be homologous. However, suppose researchers looking at Dll activity had instead found the results shown in the figure above. These results suggest instead that _____. (PICTURE) A) Dll is not actually involved in appendage development B) appendages evolved separately in protostomes and deuterostomes C) appendages coevolved with segmentation D) all animal appendages are homologous
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A) have larvae which are motile and move via the motion of cilia
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42) Sponges _____. A) have larvae which are motile and move via the motion of cilia B) are the simplest diploblastic animals C) exhibit bilateral symmetry D) have a nerve net but not a central nervous system E) have feeding cells called dinoflagellates
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E) are sessile benthic
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43) All sponges _____. A) have three germ layers B) are free swimming as adults C) reproduce only asexually D) are parasitic E) are sessile benthic
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D) suspension feeders
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44) Sponges are most accurately described as _____. A) marine predators B) chemoautrophs C) freshwater scavengers D) suspension feeders E) aquatic predators
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C) a slow-moving or sessile lifestyle in the adult
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45) Most cnidarians are known to produce toxins. In fact, it has been claimed that one particular species produces the most deadly of all toxins on the planet. What feature of this group most likely evolved simultaneously with the evolution of these toxins? A) the medusa body form B) asexual reproduction C) a slow-moving or sessile lifestyle in the adult D) diploblastic design E) bilateral symmetry in the mobile larval forms
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C) whether the organism has a coelom
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46) Suppose you came across a novel organism you suspected belonged to one of the following animal phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, or Acoelomorpha. Which of the following characteristics would NOT be helpful in placing the organism into the correct phylum? A) the organism's feeding strategy B) the organism's habitat C) whether the organism has a coelom D) whether the organism has a gut E) whether adults are sessile or motile
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D) 1, 2, 3, and 4
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47) How many of the following are characteristics of at least some members of the phylum Cnidaria? 1. a gastrovascular cavity 2. a polyp stage 3. a medusa stage 4. cnidocytes 5. a pseudocoelom A) 1 B) 2 and 3 C) 3, 4 and 5 D) 1, 2, 3, and 4 E) 1 and 2
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C) Number of non-discharged Nematocysts per unit surface area of tentacles after contact with fish: Parrotfish (small) Clownfish (Big)
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An elementary school science teacher decided to liven up the classroom with a saltwater aquarium. Knowing that saltwater aquaria can be quite a hassle, the teacher proceeded stepwise. First, the teacher conditioned the water. Next, the teacher decided to stock the tank with various marine invertebrates, including a polychaete, a siliceous sponge, several bivalves, a shrimp, several sea anemones of different types, a colonial hydra, a few coral species, an ectoproct, a sea star, and several herbivorous gastropod varieties. Lastly, she added some vertebrates—a parrotfish and a clownfish. She arranged for daily feedings of copepods and feeder fish. 48) The clownfish readily swims among the tentacles of the sea anemones; the parrotfish avoids them. One hypothesis for the clownfish's apparent immunity is that they slowly build a tolerance to the sea anemone's toxin. A second hypothesis is that a chemical in the mucus that coats the clownfish prevents the nematocysts from being triggered. Which of the following graphs supports the second, but not the first, of these hypotheses? (ANSWERS ARE GRAPHS LOOK AT TB) A) B) C) D)