APUSH Ch 27

The conviction that individuals require gov't protection from discrimination. This version of liberalism was promoted by the civil rights and women's movements and focused on identities such as race and gender rather than the general social welfare of New Deal liberalism

Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR) that espoused nonviolent direct action. In 1961 CORE organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce

System of racial segregation in the South that lasted a century, from after the Civil War until the 1960s

Prominent black trade union of railroad car porters working for the Pullman Company

The 1947 report by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights that called for robust federal action to ensure equality for African Americans. President Truman asked Congress to make all of the report's recommendation- including the abolition of poll taxes and the restoration of the Fair Employment Practices Commission- into law, leading to discord in the Democratic Party

Breakaway party of white Democrats from the South, formed for the 1948 election. Its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the civil rights aims of the party's liberal wing and southern white Democrats

A group founded by WWII veterans in Corpus Christi, TX in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans

Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896. The Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment

Yearlong boycott of Montgomery's segregated bus system in 1955-1956 by the city's African American population. The boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr. to nat'l prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated seating on public transportation unconstitutional

After the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights leaders formed the SCLC in 1957 to coordinate civil right activity in the South

Student civil rights group founded 1960 under the mentorship of activist Ella Baker. SNCC initially embraced an interracial and nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership at the grassroots level and practiced the civil disobedience principles of Martin Luther King Jr. As violence toward civil rights activists escalated nationwide in the 1960s, SNCC expelled nonblack members and promoted "black power" and the teachings of Malcolm X

Officially named the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, on August 28, 1963, a quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that congress end Jim Crow racial discrimination and launch a major jobs program to bring needed employment to black communities

Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment, education, and public accommodation illegal. It was the strongest measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment.

Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964. Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City, NJ, as the legitimate representatives of their state, but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party

Law passed during Lyndon Johnson's administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities' access to the voting booth

Major strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy. Present in black communities for centuries, it periodically came to the fore, as in Marcus Garvey's pan-Africanist movement in the early 20th century and in various organization in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party

Religion founded in the Us that became a leading source of black nationalist thought in the 1960s. Black Muslims preached an apocalyptic brand of Islam, anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white "devils" and give the black nation justice

A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence, founded in Oakland, CA in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities, where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects, but the Panthers' radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes w/ police

Organization that sought self-determination for Puerto Ricans in the US and in the Caribbean. Though immediate victories for the YLO were few, their dedicated community organizing produced a generation of leaders and awakened community consciousness

Union of farm workers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farmworkers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions, especially in the Southwest.

Organization established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities, including poverty and police harassment. AIM organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities

Leader of black trade union Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, called for march on Washington early 1941, planned to bring protester to nation's capital if African Americans weren't given equal opportunity in war jobs, cancelled march w/ Executive Order 88002, efforts showed that white leaders and institutions could be swayed by concerted African American action

Member of the Fellowship of Reconciliation, founded Congress of Racial Equality

Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers. He helped to improve conditions for migrant farm workers and unionize them

Organized Union Farm Workers (UFW) with Cesar Chavez; helped Mexican farm workers gain better pay & working conditions

Filed briefs in case Mendez v. Westminster, developed legal strategy to strike at racial segregation in South, first African American on Supreme Court, won a state case that forced the University of Maryland Law School to admit qualified African Americans

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

The most celebrated of black Muslims. He died in 1965 when black gunmen, presumably under orders from rivals within the Nation of Islam, assassinated him. He was originally for segregation, but after his trip to Mecca he wanted integration and spoke of the brotherhood of mankind.

chairman of the SNCC that coined the slogan "Black Power," and all that it represents