AP Human Geo – Unit 8

a Boundary is agreed to be made between two parties in a treaty or other legal document. (Agree to create) Boundaries can be landmarks or latitudes/longitudes

A boundary is drawn on a map "agreed" by two sides. Create the actual boundary by both sides agreeing where to put it (create it)

A boundary marked by some visible means on the ground Ex. Walls, fences, posts

The enforcement and maintaining of a boundary by government Individual countries decide how strict or relaxed border crossings will be.

Boundaries that follow a natural feature in the landscape Ex. Rio Grande, Sabine, Red River are all ______ boundaries of Texas

Delimited boundaries that are drawn according to a latitude or longitude

A boundary drawn across an area before it is well populated and before there is any culture landscape. Ex. Boundary between Malaysia and Indonesia was drawn before the area was well populated. Same with the 49th parallel between Canada and the US

Boundaries established well after an area have been settled; drawn to reflect differences in ethnic groups, religions, languages etc. Ex. The portion of india was along religious lines. Muslims went to Pakistan and India was for Hindus. Same with Ireland, North for Protestantism and south for Catholicism

Boundaries forcibly drawn by conquering or a colonizing power without referencing to pre-existing cultural patterns Ex. The boundaries of Africa were drawn haphazardly by conquistadors

A boundary line that is no longer functioning, but shows on the cultural landscape. Ex. The Berlin wall

Boundaries designed to keep people out Ex. Barbed wire, Mexico-US border and the Israel-West Bank wall fortifications

Boundaries designed to help trade and movement Ex. France and Spain & US and Canada

occur when states argue over where the boundary actually is. Examples: The United States and Mexico argued over their mutual boundary for years even after it was officially set in 1848. The boundary between Argentina and Chile has also been controversial because it follows the Andes mountains and the watershed which are not in the same place.

arise over the ownership of a region, usually around mutual borders. Conflicts arise if the people of one state want to annex a territory whose population is ethnically related to them. Examples: War between Mexico and United States in areas such as Texas, where many US citizens had settled, and yet the Mexican government controlled the land space. (This type of expansion is called irredentism). A 20th century example is the German invasion of Czechoslovakia and Poland, with German minorities.

involve natural resources: mineral deposits, fertile farmland, or rich fishing space which all lay on border area. Examples: the United States and Canada have argued over fishing grounds in the Atlantic Ocean. Also, the spark for the the Persian Gulf war between Iraq and Kuwait was regarding rights to oil.

arise when neighboring states cannot agree on policies that apply in a border area. Examples: An ongoing debate between US and Mexico regarding transportation of people and goods across their long mutual border. The US has generally wanted stricter controls on Mexico immigration from Mexico and has pressured the Mexican government to control drug trafficking across the border better.

The era of confrontation and competition between the US and the Soviet Union when the threat of nuclear war created constant world tension (Annabelle I know you know, for the other people who study this. lol)

The study of the relations among geography, states (countries) and world powers Geographic and political features of different regions, especially impact of geography on politics

If one country fell under communist control, it would influence surrounding countries to follow the suit. The US used this heavily to justify its military presence in Vietnam (1965 to 1973)

The US policy for _____ communism from spreading to the rest of the world ***Look at political cartoon***

A state that is technically sovereign, but is heavily influenced by another state. During cold war these states of the USSR were in Eastern Europe

It began to fall in Eastern Europe in 1989 first with Poland then with the collapse of the Berlin Wall and ending with the collapse of the USSR in 1991

States protect themselves against others by matching their power against the power of the other side Sates might: Build up their military (USA/USSR), Aquire new territory (attempted by the USSR) and form alliances with other states (NATO/ Warsaw Pact) Ex. NATO created Soviet Union satellite nations and the USSR came together under the Warsaw Pact for military alliances

An area of instability located between two regions with opposing political or cultural views ex. There was West & East Europe and the USSR. Eastern Europe was this (Middle east is also a shatterbelt)

Two superpowers Ex. US and USSR

Multiple world powers Ex. USA, Europe, China, Russia and India ***Look at political cartoon***

A state that's absorbs the culture and traditions of its neighbors

A state that sits between two rivals or hostile states and serves as a _____ between them potentially preventing conflict Ex. Ukraine is in between Western Europe and Russia

States gain power by growing

Sought to off strategic advice for states and explain why countries interact at a global scale the way they do

Ratzel compared the growth of the state with the growth of an organism. He was influenced by the writings of Darwin (survival of the fittest). He proposed that a state resembles a biological organism whose life cycle extends from birth through maturity and ultimately decline and death. He believed that in order for the state needs to grow to survive or it will disintegrate. A state needs sustenance in the form of resources and room to grow. (Social Darwinism as applied to foreign policy). In order for states to grow stronger they ne3ed to add new territory. Nazi Germany used this theory to justify expansionism.

Mackinder linked geopolitical stability with the maintenance of balance of power among states. He said that if the balance of power is upset a state or combination of states could become the dominant world power. He argued that land based power, not sea, would rule the world. It's important to remember at the time to many people the oceans (Navy) was the path to domination. Mackinder came up with the Heartland theory. He was looking at Eurasia and stated that he who rules Eastern Europe commands the heartland and he who rules the heartland commands the world island. He who rules the world island commands the world. When he proposed this (post WWI) there was little to foretell of the rise of superpower in the heartland. Russia was in disarray. Eastern Europe was fractured. Germany was gaining power not Russia. But, when the Soviet Union emerged and gave Moscow control over much of Eastern Europe the Heartland Theory attracted renewed attention. Real World Implications: -The German-Russian Alliance is to be feared -There is a need to maintain a balance of power on the mainland -system of entangled alliances. This idea led to NATO for example.

In 1942 Spykman proposed a theory that countered Mackinder's Heartland theory. He stated that Eurasia's Rimland (coastal area or buffer zone) is the key to controlling the world island, not the heartland. This was an age of Air Power and the East-West Cold war perspective. He stated that the key is to prevent any one power from gaining control of the historically fragmented rimland. Real World Implications: -The Domino Theory in which the war in Vietnam was a result -The Marshall plan which was to aid Europe at the end of WWII and combat the spread of Soviet Communism.

1. One World Market that dominates economic decisions 2. A multiple state system in which no state is able to totally dominate 3. Three broad geographic regions (core, periphery, semi-periphery) Countries cannot be analyzed independently. They must be viewed in terms of their place within the world system. Today there's a great deal of interdependence. This system shows/describes the global economic disparities.

Dominate trade, control the most advanced technologies, have high levels of productivity within diversified economies

Able to exploit peripheral regions, but are themselves exploited and dominated by core regions

Have undeveloped or narrowly specialized economies with low levels of productivity