AP Human Geography Unit 4 Vocabulary example #58296

A map demonstrating all man made borders between countries, states, cities, or any areas that are divided by some form of border. Example: A map depicting the border that is drawn between the Untied States, Mexico, and Canada would be an example of a Political Map.

The largest political unit. A state must be able to have a defined boundary, contain a permanent population, maintain sovereignty over domestic and internal affairs, and be recognized by other states. Example: The United States, Germany, Russia, and Australia are all examples of States.

A group of people who share common cultural heritage, have beliefs that help unify them, claim a particular land as their homeland, and desire to have self-determination. Example: Kurdistan is an example of a Nation, as it is possessed by the Kurd culture, yet doesn't have sovereignty.

A singular nation (group of people of similar culture) of people who fulfill the qualifications of a state. Example: An example of a Nation-State would be Japan, as it holds only people of the Japanese culture.

A group of people sharing similar cultural descent, typically a minority, who are under the control of another country. Example: An example of a Stateless Nation is Kurdistan, as the Kurds are all a unified nation, yet are ruled by countless different governments.

A country that contains more than one nation. Example: An example of a multinational state is the United States, as it contains a wide variety of nations, including Muslim, Christian, Jewish, Hindu and a countless number more.

A nation has a state of its own but stretches across the borders of other states. Example: Hungary, as the Hungarians live in Hungary, but also live in the Transylvania region of Romania.

A defined area within a state that has a high degree of self government and freedom from the parent state. Example: Taiwan is a very good example of an Autonomous region. Taiwan is technically possessed by China, but controls lots of affairs, while under Chinese rules, and China grants a large amount of political power to these people.

A nation's desire to create and maintain a state of its own. Example: During the late 1700s, there was a great sense of nationalism, as nearly all Americans hoped to gain independence away from the greater British power, and have their own state.

Support for a small nation within the larger nation, rather than the beliefs of the nation as a whole. Example: While all Christians share many common beliefs and goals, such as conversions, all share different hopes. This would be an example of nationalism because the Christian nation holds the common belief, but some may support the sub nation of Catholicism.

When many individual nations come together for the greater good of all members. Example: When the Allied Forces came together during WWII, this is an example of Supranationalism. All members hoped to take down the Nazis and prevent global domination, and recognized the need for cooperation to do so.

Developed by Mackinder, stating that he who rules Eastern Europe, rules world island, and rules the World. Must control land to have global domination. Example: This is especially applicable to WWII, as a crucial part of the Nazi's war plan was to control this Eastern Europe area, and therefore control the world.

Developed by Nicolas Spykeman. Essentially a counterbalance to the Heartland Theory. Stated that, in order to achieve global domination, one must control all sea ports and sea passages. If this occurs, one can master global domination. Example: This was used primarily by the conquistadors of the 1500s, as the super powers (Spain and Britain) both controlled nearly all sea routes and had massive global power.

This theory states that nations functioned similar to living organisms. This stated that the success of a state determined the power of the states around them and the resources available at the time of the states development. The strong prosper and weak perish. Example: perhaps the greatest example is the US, as it took very little time for the US to reach a state of global domination.

The willingness of one person or group to defend the space they claim. Example: This can be seen in the Revolutionary War as nearly all citizens of the 13 colonies were willing to give up all and fight against the British to keep the land they claimed as their own.

A boundary established by a legal document such as a treaty that divides one entity from another. Example: This can be seen based upon the border between the US and Canada, as it was established by the Oregon Treaty with hopes of avoiding conflict. This border was written in a treaty and was found legally.

These boundaries are lines drawn on a map used to show the limits of space. Example: A delimited boundary would be the border between Alaska and Canada, as it is simply a line created by humans to show the difference between Alaskan laws and Canadian Laws.

These boundaries are identified by physical objects on the landscape, such as walls. Example: Perhaps the most infamous example of a demarcated boundary is the 38th parallel between North and South Korea as a very large wall can be found there.

A boundary established before the development of the large population in the area and the cultural features they bring with them. Example: The US Canada border is a good example of this,as it was put into place before westward expansion began.

These boundaries are implemented by governments and regulated by them with hopes of avoiding potential conflicts. Examples: A very good example of this is the set of walls that can be found in Ireland, instituted by the Irish government, hoping to avoid conflict between the Catholics and Protestants.

These boundaries are based upon the physical features separating two entities. Example: The Rio Grande between Texas and Mexico demonstrates a physical boundary, as it is an environmental feature that divides the US and Mexico, but was not man made.

A straight line drawn by people that does not follow physical features. Example: An example can be found between Libya and Egypt. There is a large desert between these two countries and rather than including the desert into one country, they simply split it with a straight line.

A boundary based upon human traits or behavior. Example: India and Pakistan were divided solo based upon the cultures that occupied them. The border between these countries represents these cultural differences.

A boundary that no longer exists, but evidence still exists on the landscape. Example: While Germany has reunited, there are still portions of the Berlin Wall that used to split this country into East and West Germany.

A boundary drawn to accomodate religious, ethnic, linguistic, or economic differences. Example: A brilliant example is the boundary between India and Pakistan, as the Hindu India stayed within India and Buddhist north went into Pakistan

A boundary drawn by outside powers. Example: Nearly all African boundaries were drawn by European powers, as they colonized these areas, disregarding nearly all cultural establishments.

A boundary that is heavily guarded and discourages crossing and movement. Example: The US-Mexico border is slowly becoming a Militarized boundary, as movement is frowned upon, and there are some armed border police in this area.

A boundary in which there are no establishments and one is free to move from one side to another. Example: The boundary between all countries in Europe follows this precedent, as the EU established the ability for all in one country to move into others.

When one or more powers disagree over how to interpret the legal documents dictating the boundary. Example: The dispute between Chile and Argentina greatly depicts this. The document stated that the border followed the mountain peaks, yet the term mountain peaks was not clearly defined. This created much unrest, as there was not a clear understanding. It was then understood that it was peak to peak boundary.

When a dispute arises on where a boundary should be. Example: Following WWI, there was not a clear agreement between Germany and Poland, regarding the border between them, resulting in a dispute until it was decided Germany held rights to all areas in which their citizesns lived.

When one country seeks to annex territory in another because it has ties to a part of the population that lives there. Example: Following WWI, there were Germans that lived in Poland, which lead to Germany wanting the area of land in which these Polish Germans lived, and hoped to seize it.

A dispute regarding how the boundary functions. Example: Following the civil wars in Syria, and the prompting of migrants leaving this area, Europe changed its views regarding national territories, as many boundaries that had not been in this area were set and the previously accepting area denied them.

When a boundary separates natural resources that may be used by both countries. Example; In Iraq and Kuwait, there was much oil on both sides, yet conflict arose because Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing the oil from their side.

The power of a political unit to rule over its own affairs. Example: China holds claim over Taiwan, reducing Taiwan's sovereignty, and increasing China's as they can control this area very effectively.

A set of laws/restrictions that created legal areas in which a country held certain powers when entering the ocean. Examples: Many states now hold ability to enforce laws in the ocean, and implement specific requirements, as the US can stop other countries from fishing in their waters.

Up to 12 nautical miles of sovereignty; therefore, all laws of this country apply in these waters. Examples: The US immigration laws have effect in these areas, which means ships can be legally checked by the government in these areas.

Coastal states have limited sovereignty for up to 24 nautical miles, where they can enforce laws on customs, immigration and sanitation. Example: The US can legally fine ships within this region for literring based upon the federal laws.

Coastal states can explore, extract mineral , and manage put to 200 nautical miles. Example: The US can drill for oil in this area, while not past this area.

Water beyond the EEZ that is open to all states. Example: The US holds no power in this area, as they can implement now laws in this area.

Elected officials that represent citizens of a particular area. Example: Marco Rubio was Florida's Electorate on the US Senate.

An official count of the population every 10 years Example: The US had their most recent census in 2010.

The drawing of boundaries for political districts by the part or group in power to extend or cement their advantage. Example: In Louisiana, the Congressional districts have certain odd shapes cut into them that are used to help a certain party win.

Te process in which district boundaries are redrawn so each district contains roughly the same number of people. Example: In 1912, the US was redistricted, creating a total of 435 congressional districts.

Changing the number of representative granted in each state so it reflects the state's population. Example: When Florida's population grew with the establishment of housing developments, it was reapportioned, allowing more representatives.

An area of land in which an official vote is cast and decided. Example: In Florida, a voting district is the Orange County district, along with the Miami-Dade district, as both make their own political decisions.

A region that suffers instability because it is located in two very different regions. Examples: In Eastern Europe, a shatterbelt is created because the clashing views of Western Europe and Russia meet in this area.

States in which power is held primarily by one major power, without distributing it lower. Example: A Unitary State would be Japan, as it holds all the power in the chief political system.

States in which the political power is spread evenly along different levels. Example: The United States is an example of a Federal State, as it has a national, state, and local government.

A state in which the distance from the center does not vary significantly. Example: Poland, Romania, and Zimbabwe are all examples of Compact states.

A state with a long narrow shape Example: The most famous Elongated state is Chile, as it is extremely skinny, but stretches a very long distance.

A state with multiple different areas of land scattered across a wide area of land. Example: the Philippines is a good example as it holds a large number of islands scattered across the oceans.

A state that is compact apart from a large extension that arises from the state. Example: The Democratic Republic of Congo is prorupted to include the large stretch of necessary water.

A state that completely surrounds another state Example: South Africa, as it comply surrounds another state, yet still functions.

The process of legally adding territory to a city. Following the Mexican American war, the US annexed new parts of Texas into the US, as they used to be parts of Mexico.

The cost advantages of conducting economic activity on such a large scale. Example: The United States runs their economy globally, spreading the economic principals globally, and establishing their presence everywhere.

A set of interconnected entities without a center of heirarchy. Example: A sports conference holds a good example of this, as it does not have a large set of power, but holds many different teams.

The integration of markets, states, communication and trade on a worldwide scale. Example: The gradual spread of the American company McDonald's represents Globalization, as it shows the spread of nearly all American aspects on a global scale.

Companies that conduct business on a global scale. Example: McDonald's is a Transnational corporation as it uses resources from many countries and is found in many countries.

United Nations. An organization of many states put together with hopes of peacefully resolving global issues. Example: A branch of the UN is The WHO, which is the World Health organization, which works together to destroy pandemics.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization: A group of North Atlantic countries that hope to defend the member states and coordinate trade and cooperation among these states. Example: This group organized the treaty regarding drilling in the Atlantic

European Union: An organization that hope to develop common political and economic integration of all members of the continent of Europe. Example: This group was crucial in implementing the Euro as the continental currency.

North American Free Trade Agreement: An organization put together with hopes of promote trade among the continent. Example: This group hopes to promote the transfer of goods between the US, Canada, and Mexico

Association of Southeast Asia Nations: An economic organization that hopes to unite many Southeast nations, and promote economic unity. Example: These people are trying to implement a system similar to that of the Euro in Europe.

Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa. These countries are all emerging economically, and are hoping to grow into a state that can compete with the "superpowers" Example: Brazil has seen massive growth in the economy, that could rival the status of the US.

The transfer of political power of the central government to smaller subsections of the government. Examples: Initially, the Federal Government in the US used to control all roadways, but granted this power to the states, and allowed them to control their roadways.

Organized violence aimed at government and civilian targets that is intended to create fear in furtherance of political aims. Example: The attacks of 9/11 are examples of terrorism, as they hoped to evoke fear in the American people.

Both of the languages/cultures have seen major decrease in recent times as larger ethnic groups have begun to dominate the spectrum, stealing converts from these smaller, more native areas. Example: In Canada, areas that used to speak Nunavut no longer teach this language in schools

The fragmentation of a state or region into smaller, often hostile, unites along ethnic-linguistic lines. Example: The previous massive state Yugoslavia held many different ethnicities, which resulted in much tension: This lead to the eventual split (Balkanization) into ethnicity specific countries.

The transition from autocratic to more representative forms of politics. Example: This was seen in many countries of Europe, as the monarchies in France were overthrown and replaced with more public representative governments, instituted by the people.

A force that divides people within a state. Example: Different religion or different languages are both centrifugal forces, as they force people to do separate things, as they cannot communicate effectively.

A force that unites people within a state. Example: A centripetal force would be a shared religion, as all people of the state observe similar holidays and worship the same God.

The belief or practice of regional administrative customers rather than central political systems. Example: Quebec in Canada is a very good example. These people are extremely unique to the rest of Canada, in language and culture, therefore requiring specific forms fo governing.

The ways in which a country influences another by direct conquest, economic control or cultural dominance. Example: As the BrItish entered Native American lands, they overtook all that was there, and implemented their own methods of governing, and removed all that was there.

When people move into and settle on the land of another country. Example: As the British began to send pilgrims into the Americas, it became colonialism, as there were new people entering this land and settling there.

This was a meeting of many states that had colonies in Africa in which boundaries were created in this continent, dividing the continent into many different colonies.

The process in which colonial territories gain independence from the ruling power. Example: When the British living in the US fought and won the War of Independence, it was the process of Decolonization, as they were freed from these grasps.

Form of colonialism in which control over developing countries was shown in indirect ways, such as economic control. Example: The colonization of South America occurred greatly in this way, as they greater powers used the resources in this area to make a profit.

The process in which a majority ethnicity takes systematic steps to removing the minority area from "their country" Example: In the Hutu and Tutsi groups in Rwanda carried out ethnic cleansing, both of which wanted to remove all of the other ethnicity from their area. These people used violence and political dominance to carry this out.

The mass, organized killing in which people are targeted because of race, religion, ethnicity, or nationality. Example: When Nazi Germany systematically killed all Jewish people, this would be an example of Genocide, as they killed these people simply out of the fact that they are Jewish.

A period of diplomatic, political, and military rivalry between the US and the USSR. Example: One instance in which these countries were fighting was in Germany, which resulted in the split of Germany into two groups. This created unrest on both sides, and this war did not end until the breakup of the USSR, following the collapse of this wall.

A state dominated by another state politically and economically. Example: During the Cold War, Hungary was a Satellite State of the USSR. This state was completely controlled by the USSR.

The study of the relationship between geography and politics. This study focuses on the ability of land possession to shape the political power held by a country. Example: The Heartland theory was developed as part of this study, as it stated that the more internal land held the more power held demonstrating the relationship.

The process in which a company merges with another company that makes common goods. Example: If AT&T were to merge with Sprint, that would be Horizontal Integration, as both control phone service, but are separate companies.

When a company merges with a company involved in different steps of the process. Example: If AT&T were to merge with Apple, it would be Vertical. Apple provides the phone, while AT&T the carrier, therefore different steps, same company.

The reduction in time it takes to cover a certain distance from ancient history to now. Example: It took Columbus 3 months to cross the Atlantic by boat, but one can do it in 12 hours today by plane.