A&P Chapter 26

What is the primary difference between mechanical digestion and chemical digestion?

What specific layer(s) must substances cross to enter the blood or lymphatic capillaires during their absorption?

Which organs are intraperitoneal?

Autonomic reflexes of the digestive tract that do not involved the CNS are termed what?

What are the main functions of the saliva?

List the secretory cell types in the stomach and their products.

Which neural reflex is initiated by food in the stomach and what does it control?

What three anatomic structures increase the surface area of the small intestine?

Where do deoxygenated, nutrient-rich blood and oxygenated blood first come together within a liver lobule?

What are the primary functions of pancreatic juice?

What is the pathway of chyme from its entry into the large intestine until feces is eliminated?

What are the general function of bacteria within the large intestine?

Which is not a function of the digestive system? Absorption Ingestion Secretion Micturition Elimination

Which organ is not part of the gastrointestinal tract? Esophagus Large intestine Stomach Oral cavity Liver

Which organ is not considered an accessory digestive organ? Tongue Teeth Pancreas Salivary glands Pharynx

Peristalsis: is under voluntary control. involves the opening and closing of muscular sphincters. involves back-and-forth movement for mixing. is the alternating contraction of muscle layers in the GI tract wall that propels materials through the tract. All choices are true.

The initial site of both mechanical and chemical digestion is the: stomach. small intestine. esophagus. oral cavity. pharynx.

Which bones form the hard palate? Palatine bones Maxillae and inferior nasal conchae Ethmoid and sphenoid bones Palatine bones and maxillae Maxillae and sphenoid

The lining of the gastrointestinal tract that allows for absorption and secretion is: keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. nonkeratinized stratfied squamous epithelium. areolar connective tissue. simple columnar epithelium. simple squamous epithelium.

Substances that are absorbed from the GI tract pass: in between the epithelial cells of the tract wall. through the epithelial cells of the tract wall.

Mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors are found in the: adventitia of the upper portion of the GI tract. epithelium of the inferior portion of the GI tract. mucosa and submucosa of the GI tract along its length. myenteric plexus of the mucosa of the intestine. muscularis interna of the entire length of the GI tract.

Secretin is a hormone that is secreted by the: stomach. small intestine. large intestine. liver. pancreas.

Cholecystokinin is a(n) _________ released by the _________. enzyme, stomach enzyme, small intestine enzyme, gall bladder hormone, small intestine hormone, gall bladder

Which of the following is considered to be one of the primary digestive system hormones? Bile Gastrin Hydrochloric acid Pancreatic amylase

An enzyme that is found within saliva is salivary: pancreatase. nuclease. amylase. protease. pepsin.

Most saliva is produced by the _________ gland. parotid submandibular sublingual lingual buccal

Lysozyme within saliva primarily functions to: moisten and disperse food. initiate the chemical breakdown of starch. inhibit bacterial growth. wash materials off teeth.

The central cavity of a tooth is filled with: cementum. dentin. pulp. enamel. calcium phosphate.

Which is the layer of the serous membrane that directly covers the surface of internal organs? Omental layer Visceral peritoneum Parietal peritoneum Rectal peritoneum Muscularis mucosa

The term "retroperitoneal" may be used to describe the location of certain abdominal organs. This means that such organs are located: between the visceral and parietal layers of the peritoneum. posterior to the parietal peritoneum. in the peritoneal cavity. between folds of the parietal peritoneum. deep to the visceral peritoneum.

Which organ is retroperitoneal? Stomach Jejunum Transverse colon Pancreas Cecum

The pharyngeal phase of swallowing is a voluntary process that is controlled by the cerebral cortex. True False

The esophagus: secretes digestive enzymes from its mucosa. is located anterior to the trachea. opens to the stomach at the pyloric sphincter. contains both smooth and skeletal muscle fibers. is lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

The inferior esophageal sphincter is also known as the: cardiac sphincter. pyloric sphincter. pharyngoesophageal sphincter. pharyngealgastric sphincter. esophageal hiatus.

Of the five types of secretory cells in the gastric glands, which ones secrete pepsinogen? Chief cells Parietal cells Surface mucous cells Mucous neck cells Enteroendocrine cells

Which phase of digestion involves the thought, smell, and sight of food? Gastric phase Cephalic phase Enteric phase Colic phase

The presence of food in the stomach triggers the release of a hormone that stimulates contraction of the pyloric sphincter. Specifically, these events involve release of: secretin in the cephalic phase of digestion. gastrin in the gastric phase of digestion. CCK in the intestinal phase of digestion. lipase in the intestinal phase of digestion. chyle in the secretory phase of digestion

Cholecystokinin decreases stomach motility and inhibits release of gastrin. True False

"Segmentation" within the small intestine refers to the: propulsion of material between the segments of the GI tract. division of function between the different segments of the small intestine. back-and-forth motion that mixes chyme with glandular secretions. gastroileal reflex that moves materials from the stomach to the large intestine.

Villi: are found throughout the gastrointestinal tract. generate movement of materials in the large intestine. increase surface area in the small intestine. contain both smooth and skeletal muscle fibers. all choices are correct.

Protein digestion begins in the ________. stomach. mouth. esophagus. small intestine. large intestine.

Lacteals: are found only in the large intestine. absorb the products of fat digestion. secrete intestinal juice. connect directly to the liver. all choices are correct.

Which of the following is the correct order of small intestine regions that food passes through during digestion? Ileum - duodenum - jejunum Jejunum - duodenum - ileum Duodenum - ileum - jejunum Ileum - jejunum - duodenum Duodenum - jejunum - ileum

Which region of the digestive tract moves material by peristalsis, haustral churning, and mass movement? Large intestine Small intestine Stomach Esophagus Pharynx

What is the primary function of the large intestine? Storage of vitamins and minerals Protein digestion and nutrient absorption Water and electrolyte absorption Secretion of water, salts, sodium bicarbonate, and enzymes None of the choices is correct

What structures comprise a portal triad? Branches of the hepatic artery, hepatic vein, and hepatic duct Branches of the common bile duct, central vein, and hepatic artery Branches of the hepatic duct, cystic duct, and central vein Branches of the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and hepatic duct Branches of the cystic duct, central vein, and hepatic artery

Vagus nerve activity ________ release of pancreatic juice. stimulates inhibits

Which is an accurate description of glucose and sucrose? Glucose is a monosaccharide, sucrose is a polysaccharide, both molecules are starches. Glucose is a monosaccharide, sucrose is a disaccharide, both molecules are carbohydrates. Glucose is a disaccharide, sucrose is a monosaccharide, both molecules are lipids. Glucose is a disaccharide, sucrose is a glycolipid, both molecules are essential nutrients. Glucose is a monoamine, sucrose is a dipeptide, both molecules are acidic.

Amylase from saliva digests: lipids. protein. glucose. starch.

The enzyme pepsin becomes active when pH is: high. low.

Pepsinogen is an: active enzyme that is released in the small intestine and digests carbohydrates. inactive precursor to the enzyme pepsin that digests proteins in the stomach. active enzyme that digests proteins within the small intestine. inactive precursor to a nonspecific enzyme that is synthesized in the pancreas and released in the small intestine.

Proteolytic enzymes secreted from the pancreas are activated: once they reach the pancreatic duct. within the lumen of the small intestine. in secretory vesicles within pancreatic secretory cells. once they reach the large intestine.

Bile salts are: amphipathic. hydrophilic. hydrophobic.