A study is conducted to measure children's growth rates without any treatment applied to the children. What best classifies this study?
Choose the correct answer below.
Discrete data
Experiment
Simple random sample
Observational study
answer
Observational study
question
Which of the following is typically the least important factor to consider when conducting a statistical analysis of data?
Choose the correct answer below.
Sampling method
Source of the data
Context of the data
Formula calculation
answer
Formula calculation
question
Fill in the blank.
_______ is used when subjects are assigned to different groups through a process of random selection.
answer
Randomization
question
Which of the following corresponds to the case when every sample of size n has the same chance of being chosen?
Choose the correct answer below.
Simple random sample
Experiment
Probability sample
Random sample
answer
simple random
question
Which of the following is NOT a voluntary response sample?
Choose the correct answer below.
Quiz scores from a college level statistics course are analyzed to determine student progress.
A survey is taken at a mall by asking passersby if they will fill out the survey.
A radio station asks for call-in responses to a question concerning city recycling.
A local dentist asks her patients to fill out a questionnaire and mail it back to determine the quality of the care received during an office visit.
answer
Quiz scores from a college level statistics course are analyzed to determine student progress.
question
Which of the following would be classified as categorical data?
Choose the correct answer below.
Hair color
Your answer is correct.
Number of suitcases on a plane
Amount of rainfall
Tree height
answer
Hair color
question
Which level of measurement consists of categories only where data cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme?
Choose the correct answer below.
Interval
Ordinal
Nominal
Your answer is correct.
Ratio
answer
nominal
question
Which of the following is associated with a parameter?
Choose the correct answer below.
Data that were obtained from a sample.
Data that were obtained from an entire population.
Data that were obtained from a voluntary poll at the end of a service call.
A numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample.
answer
Data that were obtained from an entire population.
question
What is the goal of learning statistics?
Choose the correct answer below.
To accept the source of the data blindly
To use statistics for deception
To learn to distinguish between statistical conclusions that are likely to be valid and those that are seriously flawed
To use voluntary response samples to imply results about the population
answer
To learn to distinguish between statistical conclusions that are likely to be valid and those that are seriously flawed
question
Which of the following is NOT a level of measurement?
Choose the correct answer below.
Quantitative
Your answer is correct.
Ratio
Ordinal
Nominal
answer
Quantitative
question
Which sampling method divides the population up into sections, randomly selects some of those sections, then chooses all the members from the selected sections to study?
Choose the correct answer below.
Convenience
Cluster
Stratified
Systematic
answer
Cluster
question
What does it mean for the findings of a statistical analysis of data to be statistically significant?
Choose the correct answer below.
The likelihood of getting these results by chance is very small.
The results are very important to the health and well-being of a certain population.
The outcome could easily occur by chance.
The results do not make enough difference to be of use.
answer
The likelihood of getting these results by chance is very small.
question
Which of the following consists of discrete data?
Choose the correct answer below.
Amount of rainfall
Number of suitcases on a plane
Tree height
Hair color
answer
Number of suitcases on a plane
question
Fill in the blank.
If we are collecting sample data for a study, the _______ that we choose can greatly influence the validity of our conclusions. For example, we can use sound statistical methods to analyze data in voluntary response samples, but the results are not necessarily valid.
answer
sampling method
question
Survey questions may be misleading if they are "loaded." To what does "loaded" refer?
Choose the correct answer below.
Not concise; very long drawn out questions
Too much data
Questions that trigger a nonresponse
Intentionally worded to elicit a desired response
answer
Intentionally worded to elicit a desired response
question
Which of the following is NOT a misuse of statistics?
Choose the correct answer below.
Utilizing valid statistical methods and correct sampling techniques
Misleading graphs
Making conclusions about a population based on a voluntary response sample
Concluding that a variable causes another variable because they have some correlation
answer
Utilizing valid statistical methods and correct sampling techniques
question
Which sampling method subdivides the population into categories sharing similar characteristics and then selects a sample from each subdivision?
Choose the correct answer below.
Convenience
Systematic
Cluster
Stratified
answer
stratified
question
Which of the following would be considered practically significant?
Choose the correct answer below.
8 out of 14 births resulted in male children.
An average of 1.2 pounds was lost over a 12 month period using a new diet program.
1 out of 50 people were not smoking 12 months after completing a non-smoking program.
In a very large study, it was found that Treatment I resulted in 93% success while Treatment II resulted in 75% success.
answer
In a very large study, it was found that Treatment I resulted in 93% success while Treatment II resulted in 75% success.
question
Which of the following would NOT cast doubt of the usefulness of sample data?
Choose the correct answer below.
Nonresponse
An effective sampling method
Order of questions in a survey
Missing data
answer
An effective sampling method
question
A _______ histogram has the same shape and horizontal scale as a histogram, but the vertical scale is marked with relative frequencies instead of actual frequencies.
answer
relative frequency
question
A _______ helps us understand the nature of the distribution of a data set.
answer
frequency distribution
question
In a _______ distribution, the frequency of a class is replaced with a proportion or percent.
answer
relative frequency
question
The bars in a histogram _______.
answer
touch
question
A histogram aids in analyzing the _______ of the data.
answer
shape of the distribution
question
Class width is found by _______.
Choose the correct answer below.
subtracting the lower limit of one class from the upper limit of that same class
subtracting a lower class limit from the next consecutive lower class limit
subtracting the smallest value in the data set from the largest value in the data set
adding the lower class limit to the upper class limit and dividing by two
answer
subtracting a lower class limit from the next consecutive lower class limit
question
_______ are sample values that lie very far away from the majority of the other sample values.
answer
outliers
question
Which characteristic of data is a measure of the amount that the data values vary?
Choose the correct answer below.
Center
Time
Distribution
Variation
answer
variation
question
A(n) _______ distribution has a "bell" shape.
answer
normal
question
The heights of the bars of a histogram correspond to _______ values.
answer
frequency
question
When drawings of objects are used to depict data, false impressions can be made. These drawings are called _______.
answer
pictographs
question
In a graph, if one or both axes begin at some value other than zero, the differences are exaggerated. This bad graphing method is known as _______.
answer
a nonzero axis
question
A _______ is a plot of paired data (x,y) and is helpful in determining whether there is a relationship between the two variables.
answer
scatterplot
question
Which of the following is a common distortion that occurs in graphs?
Choose the correct answer below.
Labeling both axes
Using points above the class midpoints at the heights of the class frequencies
Using bars to represent the frequency of data values
Using a two-dimensional object to represent data that are one-dimensional in nature
answer
Using a two-dimensional object to represent data that are one-dimensional in nature
question
Fill in the blank.
A(n) _______ uses line segments to connect points located directly above class midpoint values.
answer
frequency polygon
question
Which of the following is NOT true about statistical graphs?
Choose the correct answer below.
They utilize areas or volumes for data that are one-dimensional in nature.
Similar graphs can be constructed in order to compare data sets.
They can be used to consider the overall shape of the distribution.
They can be used to identify extreme data values.
answer
They utilize areas or volumes for data that are one-dimensional in nature.
question
Why is it important to learn about bad graphs?
Choose the correct answer below.
So that we can critically analyze a graph to determine whether it is misleading
So that we can represent data the way we would like it to look
To learn how to draw pictographs
To learn how to create frequency distributions
answer
So that we can critically analyze a graph to determine whether it is misleading
question
A _______ is a graph of each data value plotted as a point.
answer
dotplot
question
We utilize statistical _______ to look for features that reveal some useful or interesting characteristics of the data set.
answer
graphs
question
For data sets having a distribution that is approximately bell-shaped, _______ states that about 68% of all data values fall within one standard deviation from the mean.
answer
the Empirical Rule
question
The Range Rule of Thumb roughly estimates the standard deviation of a data set as _______.
answer
s= range/4
question
Which of the following is NOT a value in the 5-number summary?
Choose the correct answer below.
Median
Minimum
Mean
Q1
answer
mean
question
When a data value is converted to a standardized scale representing the number of standard deviations the data value lies from the mean, we call the new value a _______.
answer
z-score
question
Which of the following is NOT a property of the standard deviation?
The units of the standard deviation are the same as the units of the original data.
The standard deviation is a measure of variation of all data values from the mean.
When comparing variation in samples with very different means, it is good practice to compare the two sample standard deviations.
The value of the standard deviation is never negative.
answer
When comparing variation in samples with very different means, it is good practice to compare the two sample standard deviations.
question
Fill in the blank.
In modified boxplots, a data value is a(n) _______ if it is above Q3plus+(1.5)(IQR) or below Q1minus−(1.5)(IQR).
answer
outlier
question
The square of the standard deviation is called the _______.
answer
variance
question
Which of the following is NOT a measure of center?
Choose the correct answer below.
census
median
mode
mean
answer
census
question
Which measure of variation is very sensitive to extreme values?
Choose the correct answer below.
Mean
Histogram
Median
Range
answer
range
question
Methods used that summarize or describe characteristics of data are called _______ statistics.
answer
descriptive
question
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the mean?
Choose the correct answer below.
The mean takes every data value into account.
The mean is called the average by statisticians.
The mean is relatively reliable.
The mean is sensitive to outliers.
answer
The mean is called the average by statisticians.
question
The measure of center that is the value that occurs with the greatest frequency is the _______.
answer
mode
question
A value at the center or middle of a data set is a(n) _______.
answer
measure of center
question
A data value is considered _______ if its z-score is less than minus−2 or greater than 2.
answer
significantly low or significantly high
question
Which of the following is always true?
Choose the correct answer below.
Data skewed to the right have a longer left tail than right tail.
The mean and median should be used to identify the shape of the distribution.
In a symmetric and bell-shaped distribution, the mean, median, and mode are the same.
For skewed data, the mode is farther out in the longer tail than the median.
answer
In a symmetric and bell-shaped distribution, the mean, median, and mode are the same.
question
Whenever a data value is less than the mean, _______.
answer
the corresponding z-score is negative
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