Ch 25 HW

The long nephron loops of the ______________nephrons are located in the renal __________.

The __________________ create the medullary osmotic gradient and act as countercurrent ___________.

The ______ ______ preserve the medullary osmotic gradient and act as countercurrent ____________.

The __________ _________ use the medullary osmotic gradient to concentrate urine.

Focus your attention on Focus Figure 25.1. Which of the following is NOT a property used to establish the medullary osmotic gradient? the descending limb's permeability to water and impermeability to salt the blood flow through the ascending and descending portions of the vasa recta the ascending limb's impermeability to water and permeability to salt the filtrate flow through the ascending and descending limbs of the long nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons

What area of the nephron is responsible for the reabsorption of most of the water from the filtrate as well as most nutrients? Summary of chemical exchanges at functional areas of the nephron. proximal convoluted tubule descending nephron loop collecting duct distal convoluted tubule

In what part of the renal tubule does parathyroid hormone (PTH) promote the reabsorption of calcium ions? Summary of chemical exchanges at functional areas of the nephron. proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) descending limb of the nephron loop distal convoluted tubule (DCT) collecting duct

Approximately 80% of the energy used for active transport is devoted to the reabsorption of __________. potassium sodium water glucose

Upon reaching what point in the nephron is reabsorption (1) dependent upon the body's needs at the time and (2) regulated by hormones? proximal convoluted tubule ascending limb of the loop of Henle distal convoluted tubule descending limb of the loop of Henle

renal pyramid

C

ureter

Which vessels are most intimate with the nephron loop and serve as a point to collect ions and water back into the blood? Schematic of flow of blood into and through the kidney. vasa recta afferent arterioles efferent arterioles cortical radiate veins

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys? to metabolize vitamin D to its active form to regulate body fluid by controlling excretion from sweat glands to carry out gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting to maintain the proper balance between water and salts and between acids and bases

The __________ collect(s) urine, which drains continuously from the papillae; the urine is then emptied into the __________. calyces; renal pelvis renal pyramids; renal pelvis renal pelvis; calyces renal pyramids; calyces

Efferent arterioles supply blood to the glomerulus. True False

What two structures constitute the renal corpuscle? Histological and structural areas of a nephron. glomerulus and glomerular (Bowman's) capsule proximal convoluted tubule and nephron loop renal tubule and collecting duct glomerulus and renal tubule

Which part of the renal tubule is lined with cuboidal epithelial cells bordered by dense microvilli? Histological and structural areas of a nephron. collecting duct proximal convoluted tubule nephron loop distal convoluted tubule

In which kidney region are all renal corpuscles located? Histological and structural areas of a nephron. renal columns renal cortex renal medulla renal pelvis

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the cortical nephrons? Relationship between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons with their vasculature. Their nephron loop is closely wrapped with vasa recta. The efferent arteriole of the cortical nephrons supplies the peritubular capillaries. Cortical nephrons have a short nephron loop. Cortical nephrons form the majority of nephrons in the kidney.

Where does the efferent arteriole of the juxtamedullary nephron carry blood to? Relationship between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons with their vasculature. vasa recta glomerulus afferent arteriole peritubular capillaries

Which capillary bed produces filtrate? Relationship between cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons with their vasculature. vasa recta juxtaglomerular complex (JGC) glomerulus peritubular capillaries

What is the function of the macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)? Relation of the juxtaglomerular complex to the glomerulus and efferent/afferent arterioles. sensing blood pressure in the afferent arteriole passing regulatory signals between other cells of the juxtaglomerular complex production of filtrate monitoring the NaCl content of the filtrate

Which cells of the juxtaglomerular complex secrete renin? Relation of the juxtaglomerular complex to the glomerulus and efferent/afferent arterioles. macula densa cells granular cells extraglomerular mesangial cells glomerular mesangial cells

What is the juxtaglomerular complex? a system that protects the nephron from some chemicals found in blood a system that regulates the rate of filtrate formation and systemic blood pressure a system for concentrating urine a system for diluting urine

Which of the following is NOT a major urine formation process? micturition tubular reabsorption tubular secretion glomerular filtration

What is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane of the glomerulus? Calculation of net filtration pressure in a glomerular corpuscle. colloid osmotic pressure in the capsular space hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries (HPgc) colloid osmotic pressure in glomerular capillaries (OPgc) hydrostatic pressure in the capsular space (HPcs)

Capsular hydrostatic pressure is the chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood and across the filtration membrane. True False

A relatively large afferent arteriole on one side of the glomerulus compared to a relatively smaller efferent arteriole creates an increase in hydrostatic pressure that drives glomerular filtration. True False

What hormone promotes active tubular secretion of potassium ions into, along with sodium reabsorption from, filtrate in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting ducts? Summary of chemical exchanges at functional areas of the nephron. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) aldosterone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Where in the nephron does most solute reabsorption occur? glomerulus collecting duct distal convoluted tubule proximal convoluted tubule

Under normal conditions, the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) reabsorbs all of the glucose, lactate, and amino acids in the filtrate and 65% of the Na+ and water. True False

Which of the following promotes the formation of dilute urine? Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) control over urine concentration. large amounts of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) released from the posterior pituitary increased osmolality of extracellular fluids decreased osmolality of extracellular fluids an increased number of aquaporins in the collecting duct

Where does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) exert its effects to promote water reabsorption? Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) control over urine concentration. descending limb of the nephron loop distal convoluted tubule (DCT) ascending limb of the nephron loop collecting duct

The longer the nephron loop descends into the medulla, the less concentrated the urine will be. True False

Which of the following best describes the function of the urethra? Sectional views of the male and female urinary bladder and urethra. transport of urine from the bladder to the outside of the body transport of urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder the carrying out of countercurrent processes that form urine storage of urine

The __________ is a skeletal muscle under conscious control that allows urine to leave the bladder. external urethral sphincter external urethral orifice prostatic urethra internal urethral sphincter

The frequency of cystitis in men is lower than in women because ______. the external urethral sphincter in men is usually closed the internal urethral sphincter in men is usually closed the pH of a man's urine is usually more acidic than a woman's urine the male urethra is longer than the female urethra

Which urinary structure serves as the transporter for urine toward the bladder? urethra renal pelvis kidney ureter