20th Century

Stéphane Mallarmé. -The music of this Prelude," wrote Debussy of his Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun, "is a very free illustration of the beautiful poem by Stéphane Mallarmé, The Afternoon of a Faun."

creature who is half man, half goat. -The play and musical work The Afternoon of a Faun evokes the dreams and erotic fantasies of a pagan forest creature who is half man, half goat.

primitivism. -Le Sacre du printemps (The Rite of Spring), Stravinsky's third ballet score for the Russian Ballet, features harsh dissonances, percussive orchestration, rapidly changing meters, violent offbeat accents, and ostinatos. These elements contribute to its primitive style.

an enormous orchestra. -The Rite of Spring is written for an enormous orchestra including eight horns, four tubas, and a very important percussion section made up of five timpani, bass drum, tambourine, tam-tam, triangle, antique cymbals, and a guiro (a notched gourd scraped with a stick).

primitivism. -Primitivism is a style that seeks to evoke primitive power through insistent rhythms and percussive sounds.

All answers are correct. -A Survivor from Warsaw, by Schoenberg, is a dramatic cantata for narrator, male chorus, and orchestra, and deals with a single episode in the murder of 6 million Jews by the Nazis during World War II. Schoenberg wrote the text himself, basing it partly on a direct report by one of the few survivors of the Warsaw ghetto. The narrator's part is a kind of Sprechstimme, the novel speech-singing developed by Schoenberg.

hebrew -Besides English and German, the text of A Survivor from Warsaw includes Hebrew. These were the three languages of Schoenberg's life: German, his native tongue; English, his adopted language in the United States; and Hebrew, the language of the faith to which he returned.

Sprechstimme. -Sprechstimme (literally speech-voice) is a vocal style developed by Arnold Schoenberg that is halfway between speaking and singing.

all answers are correct. -Bartók's Concerto for Orchestra (his most popular piece) is a showpiece for an orchestra of virtuosos. It is romantic in spirit because of its emotional intensity, memorable themes, and vivid contrasts of mood.

original themes that have a folk flavor. Béla Bartók studied and arranged many folk tunes (often giving them highly dissonant accompaniments) for his works and his melodies often have a folk flavor.

peasant music. -During the early 1900s, Bartók was influenced by the Hungarian nationalist movement and he spent most of his free time in tiny villages recording peasant folk songs. He became a leading authority on peasant music, and his own music was profoundly affected by it.

a solo clarinet.

ballet score. We now know Appalachian Spring as a symphonic concert piece, but it originated as a ballet score for Martha Graham, the great modern dancer, and choreographer.

Martha Graham. Appalachian Spring originated as a ballet score for Martha Graham, the great modern dancer and choreographer.

five variations on the Shaker melody Simple Gifts. The section of Appalachian Spring that originally accompanied "Scenes of daily activity for the Bride and her Farmer-husband" features the Shaker melody, Simple Gifts.

nationalistic and uses Argentinean folk material, including popular dances Estancia Suite, by Alberto Ginastera, was a work rooted in Argentinean folk tradition. It has a distinct national flavor because of its setting on an Argentinean ranch, and its use of musical idioms associated with the gaucho, or horseman of the plain.

ballet .Estancia was a ballet commissioned by Lincoln Kirsten, director of the American Ballet Caravan, to be premiered in a planned program of Latin American ballets in New York.

4 The Estancia Suite has four movements: (1) Los trabajadors (The Land Workers), (2) Danza del Trigo (Wheat Dance), (3) Los Peones de Hacienda (The Cattlemen), (4) Danza Final (Final Dance): Malambo.

AA'BT he form of Final Dance: Malambo is A A' B.