1.1 Reading Notes - AP History

- Dynasty in China - Lasted from 960-1279 - The Song came to rule a smaller region because pastoralists from Manchuria invaded their lands. - The arts flourished in China and China itself prospered. Under the Song Dynasty, China's bureaucracy expanded. Emperor Song Taizu tried to expand the educational opportunities for young men from lower economic classes so they could pass those exams. - During the time of the Song Dynasty, the bureaucracy expanded so much that it contributed to the empire's weakness. Creating so many positions within the bureaucracy and by paying these officials generously, Song Taizu increased the costs of government, which began to dry up China's wealth. - After China's way of farming developed, China's population increased from around 25 percent of the total world population to nearly 40 percent.

- It was an inexpensive and efficient internal waterway transportation system that extended beyond 30,000 miles. - The expansion of the Grand Canal allowed China, under the Song Dynasty, to become the most populous trading area in the world.

- This is a fast-ripening and drought resistant strain of rice from the Champa Kingdom in present-day Vietnam. - Also, this rice greatly expanded agricultural production in China. - Champa rice developed through experimentation and allowed farming to spread to lands where once rice could not grow.

- It is an arrangement in which other states had to pay money or provide goods to honor the Chinese emperor. - This was another source of income for the government. The tributary system asserted China's economic and political power over a number of foreign countries. However, it also created stability and sparked trade for all parties involved. - Origins of this system existed in the Han Dynasty. - By the time of Song, Japan, Korea, and other kingdoms in southeast Asia were tributary states.

- A ritual in which anyone greeting the Chinese emperor must bow his or her head until it reached the floor. - The emperor expected representatives from tributary states to show their respect by performing this.

- Highest social class in China - Educated in Confucian philosophy and became the most influential social class in China

- Became common among aristocratic families during the time of Song - The process begins with girls starting from a young age wrapping their feet so tightly that the bones in their feet do not grow naturally. A "bound foot" was tight into a girl's social status. Suitors desired for a "bound foot." - It restricted a woman's ability to move and to participate in the public sphere. - Foot binding was banned in 1912.

- Also known as "Chan Buddhism" - Buddhist doctrines fused with elements of Daoist traditions to create this. - Emphasis on experience and meditation rather than formal learning of scripture

- Defined as the duty of family members to subordinate their needs and desires to those of the male head of the family, or its ruler. - The Song Dynasty used ideas of Confucianism to maintain its ideas of this.

- Syncretic faith - Lasted in China between 770 and 840 - Focused on social and ethical philosophy, not religious belief, combining rational thought with the more abstract ideas of Taoism and Buddhism - Became very popular in countries like Japan, Korea, and Vietnam

- Vietnamese people made efforts to maintain the purity of their own culture, but this occurred. - Definition: a process where non-Chinese societies come under the influence of Chinese culture

Imperial bureaucracy was a Chinese organization in which appointed officials enforced/carried out the policies of the empire. This type of bureaucracy has been a feature of Chinese government since the Qin dynasty (221-207 B.C.E.). During the Song Dynasty, the amount of bureaucratic positions in government increased. Officials obtained their positions by demonstrating their merit on civil service exams (tests that qualified someone to get an appointment in the bureaucracy). China's bureaucratic system became known as a meritocracy.

The Song Dynasty's imperial bureaucracy represented political continuity by maintaining how they carry out the policies of their empire.

China's bureaucratic system became known as a meritocracy because officials obtained their positions based on how well they demonstrated their merit on exams. Over time, Song Taizu made efforts to expand the educational opportunities for young men who came from lower economic classes so they could pass the civil service exams. Even though the poor was underrepresented in the bureaucracy, the system of meritocracy allowed for more upward mobility than any other hiring system of its era.

Song China utilized Confucianism to maintain its ideas of filial piety, which is the duty of family members to subordinate their needs and desires to those of the male head of the family, or its ruler. This was how the Song Dynasty ensured that the emperors of the Song maintained their rule.

The Song Dynasty was so large and that was a factor in the empire's decline. They created so many positions within the bureaucracy and the men in those positions received a generous amount of money. Song Taizu had to increase the costs of government and that resulted in the decline of China's surplus wealth.

The Tang Dynasty managed to successfully promote agricultural development, improve roads and canals, encourage foreign trade, and spread technology.

The Grand Canal created an internal waterway transportation system that allowed China to become popular in trading around the world.

The major trade network was the Silk Roads. The traders on the Silk Roads were how the products got from one person to the next.

- The Grand Canal allowed for a new waterway transportation. - The development of the compass led to its usage in maritime navigation and redesigned ships improved the capacity to carry goods. - The ability to print paper navigation charts made "seafaring" practical in open waters, out of sight land, and sailors didn't rely on the sky as much for direction.

- Chinese farmers began to put manure on the fields to improve the quality of the soil. - Farmers built intricate irrigation systems using ditches, water wheels, pumps, and terraces to increase productivity. - Water buffalo or oxen pulled new heavy plows and this allowed for previously unusable land to be cultivated. - All these agricultural innovations created an abundance of food and China's population grew quickly.

Chinese people used steel to make/reinforce bridges, gates, and ship anchors. Religious items, such as pagodas and Buddhists figurines, were made using steel. Steel was also used to strengthen the agricultural equipment, which contributed to the abundance of food production too.

1. Porcelain 2. Silk 3. Cast iron goods

Commercialization is defined as the process of bringing new products or services to the market. China's economy changed from local consumption to market production.

Song China continued to rely on free peasant and artisan labor because Song China reduced the requirement that people labor for the government. As an alternative, they paid people to work on public projects. This change promoted economic growth because of money increased in circulation.

In this system, other states had to pay money to provide goods to honor the Chinese emperor. The Tributary System gave China economic and political power over several foreign countries. Stability and trade was created for all parties involved.

Song China was very urbanized because of its several cities that contained more than 100,000 people. The major Chinese cities (Chang'an, Hangzhou, and Guangzhou) were active centers of commerce and had numerous options for entertainment.

Scholar gentry, farmers, artisans, craftsmen, merchants, peasants

- Confucian traditions involved both respect for women and the expectation they would listen to men. - The practice of foot binding

- The Chinese developed a system of printing in the seventh century. This expanded the availability of books. Easily accessible books allowed China's privileged classes to increase their knowledge and for Confucian scholars to consume literature at a rapid rate. - Also, the Chinese were the first to use woodblock printing. This allowed people to make multiple copies of art or written texts without laboriously copying each by hand.

Buddhism migrated to China from its origin place India via the Silk Road.

Theravada, Mahayana, and Tibetan all must include a belief in the Four Noble Truths. All three types must also embrace the Eight-Fold Path, the precepts (right speech, right livelihood, right effort, and right mindfulness) that can lead to nirvana.

A syncretic religion is also known as a fused faith. Buddhist doctrines combined with elements of Daoist traditions to create Zen Buddhism. Zen Buddhism focused on direct experience and meditation rather than formal learning based on studying scripture.

The Song Dynasty was friendly towards Buddhism, but did not go out of its way to promote Buddhism. Song preferred to focus on China's native traditions, like Confucianism. Buddhism did have a prominent presence and a lot of Confucians started to adopt its ideals. Neo-Confucianism emphasized on social and ethical philosophy rather than religious belief. This faith combined rational thought with ideas from Buddhism, so Neo-Confucianism did agree with some parts of Buddhism.

Similarities include Japan promoting Confucianism, learning how to do woodblock printing, and imitated Chinese traditions in politics, art, and literature. Differences include Japanese writers moving in new directions, how Japan is governed (their emperor had little power and regional class held great power)

Similarities include China and Korea's close contact through its tributary relationship, Korea imitated China's politics and culture, they centralized their government in the style of the Chinese, Korea adopted both Confucianism and Buddhism, they adopted the Chinese writing system. Differences include that Korea eventually created its own writing system, the landed aristocracy was more powerful in Korea than in China, and there was no merit-based system for entering the bureaucracy.

Similarities include Vietnam using the Chinese writing system and architectural styles. Vietnam also adopted a merit-based bureaucracy of educated men. Differences include Vietnamese women enjoyed more independence in their marriages than most Chinese women, Chinese preferred to live in extended families but Vietnamense people preferred nuclear families, and Vietnamese villages were independently operated (no political centralization), more revolts within the country.