Substance Use, Misuse And Abuse Ch. 14

25 July 2022
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In hunter-gatherer societies, the shaman or medicine man (or woman) was important not only for understanding what we now call medicine, but also because he or she was
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a spiritual, or religious leader.
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One name that has been used for hallucinogenic drugs is psychedelic, which means
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mind-viewing, and implies a beneficial, visionary effect.
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One major grouping of hallucinogens typically allows the user to remain in some touch with the real world and to remember much of what he or she experienced. This group of drugs was referred to as the
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phantastica.
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LSD and psilocybin belong to the chemical grouping of
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indoles.
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LSD was synthesized from alkaloids derived from
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ergot fungus.
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The psychological effect of LSD was first reported by
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Albert Hofmann, the Swiss chemist who developed the drug.
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The major thrust of early research on LSD was for its
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supposed ability to access the subconscious mind.
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During the 1950s, one U.S. government agency that conducted research with LSD was the
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Central Intelligence Agency.
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The early LSD researcher who was fired from his academic job, became a proponent of hallucinogenic drug use, and started a religion in which LSD was the sacrament is:
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Timothy Leary.
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LSD is considered to be the most potent psychoactive agent known to man because
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it produces effects at such low doses.
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. Although LSD has complex effects in the brain, the best evidence indicates that its hallucinogenic properties are due to stimulating
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serotonin-2A receptors.
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The sensation of experiencing sounds as pictures, or of seeing movements produced by musical rhythms, is known as
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synesthesia.
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In rare cases, people who have used LSD experience similar symptoms weeks or months later. The common term for this has been
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flashbacks.
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Psilocybe mexicana and Psilocybe cubensis are examples of
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hallucinogenic mushrooms.
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A close relative of LSD, d-lysergic acid amide, is found naturally in
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morning glories and Hawaiian baby woodroses
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DMT, a short-acting hallucinogen that is usually ineffective when taken orally, is found in
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Cohoba snuff.
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The combination of two plants, one containing DMT and the other containing harmaline (an MAO inhibitor), was originally used by indigenous cultures in South America and is called,
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ayahuasca
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The Native American Church includes aspects of Christianity and uses __________ as a sacrament.
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peyote
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Besides hallucinations, mescaline also produces
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pupil dilation, increased heart rate and blood pressure.
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The catechol hallucinogens include mescaline plus a variety of synthetic derivatives of
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amphetamine.
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A drug that has been reported to produce an increase in sociability and euphoria, as well as an increase in blood pressure, body temperature, and pulse is:
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MDMA
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PCP was patented as Sernyl and first tested as
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a dissociative anesthetic.
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The PCP experience differs from LSD and mescaline experiences in that PCP users
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report more changes in body perception
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Peace pill and angel dust have been street names for
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PCP
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Atropa belladonna is also known by the name
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deadly nightshade
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The anticholinergic plant with a forked root that is mentioned in the Bible is
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mandrake.
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The red and white speckled mushroom that has been associated with an early Christian cult as well as with other religions all over the world is
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amanita muscaria.
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The indole originally found in toad skins, that turns out not to be a very potent hallucinogen, is
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bufotenin.
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Which of the following hallucinogens has NOT received recent scientific interest as a psychotherapeutic agent?
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PCP
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Which of the following most accurately describes recent psilocybin research?
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the acute effects on mystical experiences
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When evaluating drug-related data from animal studies, which of these questions should be asked?
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A. Was the dosing regimen used similar to that used by humans? B. Was the route of administration similar to that used by humans? C. Was the drug self-administered by the animal