Hardware- Chapter 4

PC4-21300

2133 MHz

multicore processor

Error Correction Code also called E C C

x86-64 processors

DIMM SO-DIMM

-RAS Latency -CAS Latency

-eXecute Disable [XD] by Intel -Enhanced Virus Protection by AMD

registers

ALU

internal memory cache

Centrino

multithreading

boot process begins, but system suddenly turns off after a short period

12800 MB/second

SPD

DDR4 DDR3

Level 1 cache

DRAM

In the BIOS / UEFI setup screen

Duo

SDRAM runs synchronized with the system clock

DDR3

False

True

False

True

True

AMD64 EM64T

mixing unbuffered with registered

Processor Frequency

ECC

dual ranked

Thread

Hyper-threading

single-sided

multiplier

RAS latency

parity

RIMM

If the cooler has thermal compound preapplied, remove the plastic from the compound. If the cooler does not have thermal compound applied, put a small dot of compound (about the size of a small pea) in the center of the processor. When the cooler is attached and the processor is running, the compound spreads over the surface. Don't use too much—just enough to later create a thin layer. If you use too much compound, it can slide off the housing and damage the processor or circuits on the motherboard. To get just the right amount, you can buy individual packets that each contain a single application of the thermal compound

If the power comes on (you hear the fan spinning and see lights), but the system fails to work, most likely the processor is not seated solidly in the socket or some power cord has not yet been connected or is not solidly connected. Turn everything off, unplug the power cord, press the power button to drain power, open the case, and recheck your installation

All new motherboards for desktops sold today use a type of memory module called a DIMM (dual inline memory module). Laptops use a smaller version of a DIMM called a SO-DIMM (small outline DIMM and pronounced "sew-dim"). MicroDIMMs are used on subnotebook computers and are smaller than SO-DIMMs. An older type of module is a RIMM, which is designed by Rambus, Inc. Really old computers used SIMMs (single inline memory module). You're unlikely to ever see these modules in working computers

How much RAM do I need and how much is currently installed? How many and what kind of memory modules are currently installed on my motherboard? How many and what kind of modules can I fit on my motherboard? How do I select and purchase the right modules for my upgrade? How do I physically install the new modules?

Double Data Rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM, or SDRAM II, or simply DDR) is an improved version of SDRAM. DDR runs twice as fast as regular SDRAM, has one notch, and uses 184 pins. Instead of pro- cessing data for each beat of the system clock, as regular SDRAM does, it processes data when the beat rises and again when it falls, doubling the data rate of memory. If a motherboard runs at 200 MHz, DDR memory runs at 400 MHz. Two other improvements over DDR are DDR2 and DDR3. DDR2 is faster and uses less power than DDR. DDR3 is faster and uses less power than DDR2. Both DDR2 and DDR3 use 240 pins, although their notches are not in the same position. They are not com- patible, and the different notch positions keep someone from installing a DDR2 or DDR3 DIMM in the wrong memory slot

Feature 1: Clock speed the processor supports. Feature 2: Processor speed. Feature 3: Socket and chipset the processor can use. Feature 4: Processor architecture (32 bits or 64 bits)

Memory on the processor die is called Level 1 cache (L1 cache). Memory in the processor package, but not on the processor die, is called Level 2 cache (L2 cache). Some processors use a third cache farther from the processor core, but still in the processor package, which is called Level 3 cache (L3 cache)

1. 32-bit (x86) processors support 32-bit OSs 2. Hybrid (x86-64 bit) processors can handle a 32-bit OS or a 64-bit OS. All desktop or laptop processors made after 2007 are of this type. 3. 64-bit (x64) processors require a 64-bit OS and can handle 32-bit applications only by simulating 32-bit processing

An I/O unit manages data and instructions entering and leaving the processor A control unit manages all activities inside the processor Arithmetic Logic Units (ALUs) do all logical comparisons and calculations Registers (small holding areas on the processor chip) hold counters, data, instructions and addresses that the ALU is currently processing Internal memory caches hold data and instructions waiting to be processed by the ALU Buses connect components within the processor housing

If the processor operates at 3.2 GHz internally and the Front Side Bus is operating at 800 MHz, the processor operates at four times the FSB (Front Side Bus) speed. This factor is called the multiplier.