Chapter 3 Mastering Biology

What is a characteristic of an organic molecule?

Monomers are linked together with...

In a hydrolysis reaction, _____. In this process, water is _____.

Hydrolysis means

A dehydration reaction is the process in which __________.

Monomers are connected in a reaction in which two molecules are bonded to each other through the loss of a water molecule; this is called a

Sugars are mainly used by our bodies _____.

Simple sugar molecules are a major _______ for cellular work.

One characteristic shared by sucrose and maltose is _____.

a disaccharides consists of

Cellulose is a _____ made of many _____.

Generally, animals cannot digest the linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cattle get enough nutrients from eating grass?

In what polysaccharide form do plants store sugar to be available later for energy?

Glycogen is _____.

glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____.

Which of these is a source of lactose?

Cellulose is

_____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.

The complex carbohydrate that you are most likely to have eaten recently is _____.

Starch is a storage polysaccharide of

Many carbohydrates are a source

Glucose and fructose are

molecules that share the same chemical composition but differ in their final structures are called

Which is the correct term for compounds that do not mix with water?

A fatty acid containing at least two double bonds is called _____.

Cholesterol belongs to which class of molecules?

RNA is a

olive oil is a

a chain of amino acids that have been linked together by dehydration synthesis is called a

a peptide bond binds _____.

The building blocks of proteins are called _____.

A polypeptide is a long chain of amino acids bonded together by __________.

the building blocks of nucleic acid molecules are called _____.

People with lactose intolerance produce insufficient amounts of _______.

Lactase breaks down lactose to ________ that can be digested.

Why might northern Europeans have evolved lactose tolerance?

The ability ________ would increase the options for acquiring necessary nutrients.

Which one of the following components of a tossed salad will pass through the human digestive tract with the least digestion?

Cellulose contains bonds that cannot be broken by...

What is the main sugar used by cells for energy?

Cells consume glucose for energy in the process of ...

Plant cell walls consist mainly of _____.

The polysaccharide called ______ is a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells.

Manufacturers make vegetable oils solid or semisolid by _____.

The characteristic that all lipids have in common is that __________.

Lipids are _________, causing their solubility in water to be extremely low.

Your body contains thousands of different types of proteins, each with a specific function. A protein's function is largely determined by its _____.

The primary structure of a protein is like the arrangement of beads on a string. In this analogy, the beads are _____.

A protein's alpha helices and beta sheets fold together to create an overall shape at the _____ level of protein structure.

What happens to the shape and function of a protein if one of the amino acids is replaced with a different type of amino acid?

Large proteins, like DNA polymerase and hemoglobin, are often composed of several polypeptides that are linked together. The _____ level of protein structure describes how the polypeptides are joined to create a larger complex.

Many people believe you should consume carbohydrates and proteins in what ratio following a long workout?

What are the constituent parts of proteins?

What is the primary fuel source for muscles?

What hormone is believed to help muscles absorb amino acids?

A specific stretch of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is called a _____.

A gene is a discrete unit of...

How does DNA compare to RNA?

Nucleotides are the building blocks for both types of nucleic acids called....

A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture _____.

The backbone of a nucleic acid consists of alternating ________

One difference between RNA and DNA?