Chapter 12 example #33595

T/F: The process of switching codes is limited to sentence and grammar usage.

T/F: The logical principle by which things are organized into groupings or categories is known as identity.

T/F: Approximately 1 in 10 children in the United States is home-schooled.

T/F: Control processes include emotional regulation, selective attention, and metacognition.

T/F: A federally sponsored test in the United States is called the National Assessment of Educational Progress.

T/F: The hidden curriculum includes explicitly stated rules that influence aspects of learning.

T/F: The process by which children change from informal speech to proper speech when talking with teachers and most adults is known as changing codes.

T/F: Long-term memory is large by the end of middle childhood.

T/F: With respect to teacher expectations for academic success among children, teacher expectations are important.

T/F: School-age children are able to use logic about concrete things.

T/F: According to Vygotsky, a teacher can be an instructor to a 6-year-old child.

T/F: Everywhere in the world, children are taught to read, write, and do arithmetic.

T/F: Control processes improve with age only.

T/F: Public subsidy for tuition payment at a non-public school is referred to as a private school.

T/F: More than 95 percent of the world's 7-year-olds are in school.

A school funded by tuition charges, endowments, and often religious or other nonprofit sponsors is a_____ school. A. voucher B. private C. religious D. charter

The information-processing theory was inspired by the knowledge of how _____ function. A. animals' brains B. high-level businesses C. computers D. athletic teams

To retain information in working memory, individuals must _____. A. merely be exposed to the information B. process the information C. unconsciously be aware of the information D. do nothing, as the information will be passively absorbed into working memory

Critics say that _____ weaken public schools, but advocates argue that they increase competition between public and private schools and lead to a better education for all. A. standardized tests B. vouchers C. parents D. Common Core standards

When capable of concrete operational thought, children _____. A. are limited by intuitive, perceptual focusing B. can apply their reasoning to real, tangible situations C. can reason about abstractions D. are likely to be misled by appearances

With respect to teacher expectations for academic success among children, _____. A. teacher expectations are not important B. teacher expectations are important C. teacher expectations are only important for girls D. teacher expectations are only important for boys

Metacognition is _____. A. the process of putting information into long-term memory B. the process of recalling information C. thinking about thinking D. the ability to process multiple stimuli

According to the text, children who are home-schooled may struggle in which of the following areas? A. academic B. social C. physical D. cognitive

What is the primary international test of science and math? A. PIRLS B. IATS C. TIMSS D. SATs

Approximately 1 in _____ children in the United States is home-schooled. A. 1 B. 25 C. 35 D. 55

The Common Core is a(n) _____ that was developed with backing from all 50 states in response to doubts about state-level assessments. A. graduation exam B. law that requires frequent testing to monitor student achievement C. set of specific standards by subject and grade level D. amount of money awarded by the government for an individual child's education

Over the past two decades, more than 50 nations have participated in at least one massive international test of educational achievement. Longitudinal data finds that _____. A. if achievement rises, the national economy declines B. if achievement declines, the national economy advances C. if achievement rises, the national economy advances D. there is no relation between achievement and the national economy

The logical principle that allows objects to be grouped according to some characteristic that they share is called _____. A. concrete thought B. transitive inference C. classification D. reversibility

Beth is taking the TIMSS, which is the international test of _____. A. science and math B. IQ C. creative problem solving D. reading

According to Piaget, which ability do children gain during middle childhood? A. static reasoning B. abstract reasoning C. logic D. egocentrism

T/F: According to Piaget, a child between the ages of 6 and 11 can apply logical principles to concrete situations (real, tangible, visible).

T/F: The ability to understand and use metaphors results from a level of cognitive development that is typically attained during middle childhood.

T/F: Metacognition is thinking about thinking.

T/F: The memory system in which signals are held for a split second is called sensory memory.

T/F: Justino, a student from Brazil, is enrolled in an immersion class in the United States. This means that all instruction is conducted in English.

T/F: The knowledge that things can be arranged in a logical order is the logical principle of seriation.

T/F: The part of the memory-processing system in which current, conscious mental activity occurs is known as long-term memory.

T/F: To retain information in working memory, individuals must merely be exposed to the information.

Approximately what percent of the world's 7-year-olds are in school? A. 45 B. 60 C. 75 D. 95

In the United States, public schools that set their own standards, are licensed by the state, and receive funding from private money and sponsors are _____ schools. A. voucher B. private C. religious D. charter

Important to long-term memory is _____. A. storage B. retrieval C. storage and retrieval D. neither storage nor retrieval

Alice is 7 years old and comes from a low-SES family. Compared to her peers from higher-SES families, she has difficulty with language learning in school. According to current research, one factor that may be contributing to Alice's language learning difficulty is her lack of _____. A. early exposure to words B. personal motivation C. media exposure D. education

Mechanisms that combine memory, processing speed, and knowledge to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the information-processing system are referred to as _____. A. preoperational thought B. reciprocity C. the limbic system D. control processes

A child is shown a large box and a small box. The large box contains a 5-pound weight and the small box contains a 10-pound weight. The child picks up the boxes and looks at them closely, and then is asked which weighs more. The child is no longer focused only on appearances, so he answers that the small box weighs more. Piaget would say that this child is in the_____ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. metacognitive D. concrete operational

With respect to sociocultural context, children from the Varanasi region in India learn what specific ability from their culture? A. observational learning B. fractions C. spatial orientation D. individual discovery

A child's achievement seems more influenced by _____ in the United States than in other nations. A. income and ethnicity B. income and neighborhood C. neighborhood and ethnicity D. income and parental education

Research indicates that achievement in middle childhood is _____ teacher and parent expectations. A. entirely dependent on B. forced by C. impacted by D. contrary to

Which information is most likely to be in your current working memory? A. everything you see on this page B. the answer to this question C. where you saw the term working memory in the text D. the musical theme of your favorite television show

When Kitana wants her teacher to repeat a question, she asks, "Would you please repeat the question?" but when she needs a classmate to repeat himself, she says, "Huh?" This example shows that Kitana understands _____. A. the pragmatics of language B. metaphors and similes C. metacognitive processes D. the control processes in speech

Siegler has studied the day-by-day details of children's cognition in math. He has found that children _____. A. suddenly grasp the logic of the number system B. gradually acquire math knowledge and strategies C. already understand all they need to know about math by 3 years of age D. do not understand math knowledge and strategies until they are in adolescence

Ten-year-old Billy loves baseball and has studied baseball statistics since he was 5 years old. Billy is currently reading this year's statistics for some of his favorite players. He will easily remember the new statistics because of the _____ he has for baseball statistics. A. knowledge base B. knowledge foundation C. knowledge support D. knowledge start

T/F: Aaron made two lines of toys with trucks in one line and cars in another. Aaron was exhibiting classification.

T/F: Piaget called the cognition of middle childhood preconcrete operational thought.

T/F: A school funded by tuition charges, endowments, and often religious or other nonprofit sponsors is a voucher school.

T/F: In the total immersion approach to bilingual education, social communication in both languages is encouraged.

T/F: If Beth is taking the main international test of science and math she is taking the PIRLS.

With respect to teacher expectations for academic success among children, _____. A. teacher expectations are not important B. teacher expectations are important C. teacher expectations are only important for girls D. teacher expectations are only important for boys

Children from low-SES families usually have all of the following compared to children from higher-SES families EXCEPT _____. A. smaller vocabularies B. simpler grammar C. shorter sentences D. fewer ELL classifications

New concepts are best learned when they are connected to _____. A. what is already known about a subject B. current events C. a teacher-directed curriculum D. a child-centered curriculum

Abbreviations (such as LOL, BTW, and RU) in text messages and e-mails is an example of _____. A. metaphors B. similes C. grammar D. codes

To determine if children benefit from instruction with respect to metacognition or if they are able to develop metacognition spontaneously, children were asked to design four scientific experiments (Klahr & Nigam, 2004). Children were first allowed to design the experiments on their own to determine if they spontaneously used metacognition. Then some children were provided with direct instruction about scientific testing. Finally, all of the children were asked to design four experiments. The results of the study suggested that ____. A. children who designed experiments on their own did better than those who received instruction B. children who received instruction designed better experiments than those who did them on their own C. children who designed experiments on their own understand more about experimental testing than those who received instruction D. there were no differences between children who designed the experiments on their own and those who received instruction with respect to experimental testing competency

By the end of middle childhood, the capacity of long-term memory is _____. A. limited to facts and knowledge gained through repetition B. limited to highly emotional experiences and objective information C. unlimited regarding information but limited about emotional experiences D. very large

A strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner's original language and the second (majority) language is _____. A. ELL program B. an ESL program C. bilingual schooling D. immersion

Evaluating a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish and monitor one's performance is called _____. A. automatization B. decentration C. metacognition D. social standards

During middle childhood, children understand all of these aspects of language EXCEPT _____. A. prefixes B. compound words C. phrases D. sarcasm

How readily past learning can be brought into working memory from long-term memory is referred to as _____. A. storage B. retrieval C. input D. short-term memory

Jill has just heard her teacher say something. The sounds produced by the teacher are first stored in Jill's _____. A. working memory B. long-term memory C. sensory memory D. short-term memory

Sensory memory improves until about age _____ and then remains adequate until late adulthood. A. 4 B. 7 C. 10 D. 13

T/F: A body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area is referred to as knowledge foundation.

T/F: The PIRLS is the main international test of reading given to students.

T/F: Shelby spoke to her best friend using slang; when she turned to speak to her teacher, she used formal English. Shelby was demonstrating metacognition.

T/F: The process of switching codes is limited to sentence and grammar usage.

T/F: Vygotsky believed instruction was crucial for cognitive development.

T/F: During the school years, children learn up to 20 new words each day.

A body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area is referred to as knowledge _____. A. base B. foundation C. support D. start

The U.S. law, enacted in 2001, that aimed to increase educational accountability by requiring states to qualify for funding based on standardized measures of achievement is referred to as _____. A. TIMSS B. NAEP C. NCLB D. PIRLS

Which statement about the difference between a 4-year-old and a 9-year-old is TRUE? A. The 4-year-old can separate the relevant from the irrelevant, but the 9-year-old is unable to do so. B. The 9-year-old can apply abstract thought to the classification process whereas the 4-year-old is unable to do so C. The 4-year-old will be able to think logically about concrete situations, whereas the 9-year-old is unable to do so. D. The 9-year-old can use mental categories more flexibly, inductively, and simultaneously, whereas the 4-year-old is unable to do so.

Professor Schuyler believes that people's brains work very much like a computer in terms of input, processing, and output. The professor believes in _____. A. the information-processing perspective B. Piaget's theory of cognitive development C. Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development D. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

Control processes improve with _____. A. fame and wealth B. income and status C. age and experience D. personal motivation and belief

Carlos attends a school where the teachers often work longer hours, and where students come from a wide geographical area. The class sizes are also small. He knows that the school sets its own standards and receives private money and sponsors. Carlos is attending a _____ school. A. voucher B. private C. religious D. charter

Jared, who speaks only English, has moved to Spain with his family. He attends a public school. All of his school subjects are taught in Spanish. Jared is learning Spanish through _____. A. a Spanish-as-a-second-language program B. an ESL program C. bilingual schooling D. immersion

Emma studied for the spelling test all week and spelled each of the tested words correctly. Emma's ability to do well on her spelling test was based on her ability to _____. A. store the spelling words in long-term memory B. retrieve the correct spelling of words from long-term memory C. classify each word in long-term memory D. conserve the list of words in long-term memory