Chapter 10 Microbiology

A large percentage of antibiotics and semisynthetic drugs are produced by members of the genus

An antimicrobial that inhibits cell wall synthesis will result in which of the following?

Beta-lactam antibiotics have an effect on which of the following types of cells?

Which of the following is a primary advantage of semisynthetic drugs?

Which of the following drugs specifically targets cell walls that contain arabinogalactan-mycolic acid?

Which of the following antibiotics disrupts cytoplasmic membrane function?

Which of the following is NOT a target of drugs that inhibit protein synthesis?

Which scientist coined the term antibiotic?

The most limited group of antimicrobial agents is the __________ drugs.

Another term for the Kirby-Bauer test is the

Which of the following statements about the zone of inhibition is FALSE?

Which of the following groups of drugs can become incorporated into the bones and teeth of a fetus?

Which of the following can result when antibiotic therapy disrupts the normal microbiota?

Which of the following statements concerning development of antibiotic resistance is FALSE?

β-lactamase production is an example of which of the following types of resistance?

Probiotics

Most drugs that inhibit the synthesis of the cell wall act by

Most broad-spectrum antibiotics act by

Which of the following antifungals works by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis?

Sulfonamides

Which of the following pathways is specifically inhibited by sulfonamides?

Which of the following drugs inhibits nucleic acid synthesis specifically in prokaryotes?

The cooperative activity of drugs such as beta-lactam antibiotics and clavulanic acid, a β-lactamase inhibitor, is known as

Alterations in the structure of which of the following are an important aspect of Gram-negative bacterial resistance to antimicrobial drugs?

It is inappropriate to prescribe antibacterial agents to treat colds or flu because

Who discovered the first widely available antibiotic?

Which of the following statements is true of selective toxicity?

Antimicrobials that block protein synthesis by binding to the mRNA are

The Etest determines which of the following?

Which of the following is NOT a criterion by which all antimicrobial agents can be evaluated?

Which of the following interferes with cell wall synthesis by blocking alanine bridge formation?

Antimicrobial sugar analogs are effective for

Which of the following is a measurement associated with the broth dilution test?

Infection of the __________ would be the hardest to treat with antimicrobial drugs.

Disruption of the normal microbiota can result in infections caused by which of the following microbes?

The antimicrobials called quinolones act by

Amphotericin B is an antifungal drug that

The mechanism of action of the antibiotic vancomycin is

The tetracyclines interfere with

Trimethoprim is an example of antimicrobials that

The mechanism of action of erythromycin is

Methicillin is an example of the beta-lactam class of drugs that

Ribavirin is an antiviral that interferes with

The antimicrobial polymyxin

The mechanism of action of sulfonamides is

Paul Erhlich coined the term antibiotics for the "magic bullet" antimicrobials he pursued.

Antisense nucleic acids are designed to have no side effects against humans.

Beta-lactam drugs act by inhibiting formation of the cytoplasmic membrane.

Because all cells engage in protein synthesis, there are few antimicrobial drugs that selectively inhibit this process

Many antimicrobial drugs that affect the cytoplasmic membrane are used only externally because they can be toxic to humans.

Some bacterial cells are resistant to a variety of antimicrobials because they actively pump the drugs out of the cell.

The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria enables many antimicrobial drugs to enter the cell more easily.

If a subculture of an MIC test grows in an MBC test, the concentration of the drug was bactericidal.

Brain and spinal cord infections are difficult to treat because most antimicrobial drugs cannot diffuse out of the blood into these organs.

Organs that are commonly affected by drug toxicity include the kidneys and the liver.

Any drug that acts against a disease is called a(n) __________ agent.

Selective __________ means that a given antimicrobial agent is more toxic to a pathogen than to the host being treated.

Nucleotide or nucleoside __________are antimicrobial agents that mimic the chemical structure of DNA building blocks.

A broad-spectrum __________ is effective against a wide variety of pathogens.

Secondary infections that result from the killing of the normal microbiota are called __________.

Competition between beneficial microbes and potential pathogens is called microbial __________.

A(n) __________ concentration of a drug is one at which microbes survive but are not able to grow and reproduce.

R-plasmids are __________ pieces of DNA that promote horizontal transfer of genes among bacteria and contribute to the spread of antimicrobial resistance.

Some bacteria develop resistance to groups of drugs because the drugs are all structurally similar to each other; this is a phenomenon known as __________ resistance.

Second-generation drugs are semisynthetic drugs developed to combat __________ against an existing drug

Drugs that slow down bacterial growth would be __________ to penicillin.

External infections can be treated by __________ administration, in which a drug is applied directly to the site of infection.

The abbreviation __________ stands for the smallest amount of a drug that will inhibit the growth and reproduction of a pathogen.

Antiviral medications frequently block unique __________ to prevent production of new virus.

Praziquantel alters the cytoplasmic membrane permeability of __________ worms.