Chap 24: Nutrition, Metabolism And Body Temperature Regulation

vitamins

glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain (Glycolysis produces pyruvic acid, which enters the mitochondrion. There, it is converted to acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle. Electron carriers bring electrons from the first three steps to the electron transport chain, and ATP is made.)

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy (Cellular respiration extracts energy from glucose (C6H12O6) to produce smaller energy packets (ATP))

Glycolysis (Glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid, takes place in the cytosol, outside the mitochondria.)

mitochondrion (All of the steps of cellular respiration except glycolysis take place in the mitochondrion.

This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. (In glycolysis, glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvic acid. The released energy is stored in ATP and the electron carrier NADH.)

This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. (The citric acid cycle breaks down carbon molecules, releasing carbon dioxide and forming some ATP.

This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. (In the electron transport chain, electrons move from one electron carrier to another, eventually reaching oxygen. The released energy is used to make ATPs.)

cytosol; anaerobic

facilitated diffusion (H+ cannot diffuse directly through the semipermeable phospholipid bilayer. The ATP synthase contains a channel that allows the diffusion of H+ down its concentration gradient. Diffusion of H+ releases energy that is used by the ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP, producing ATP.)

Transfer of electrons to the electron transport chain from NADH results in more ATP synthesis than transfer of electrons from FADH2. Oxidation of electron carriers within the electron transport chain results in the transport of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The electron carriers within complex IV have a greater affinity for electrons than the electron carrier within complex III. The conversion of oxygen to water only occurs as electrons exit complex IV (cytochrome oxidase). This is the last step in the electron transport chain.)

lipolysis

citric acid

total metabolic rate

urea disposal (Though the liver is involved in creating urea from ammonia and carbon dioxide, it is up to the kidney to eliminate the urea thus formed.)

thyroxine

the glycogen content of the liver is reduced (Glycogen is released from the liver when blood glucose levels are abnormally low.)

they decrease the incidence of cholesterol deposition in arterial walls (Statins help lower cholesterol by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which plays a central role in the production of cholesterol in the liver.)

fever is a condition in which there is a change in the body's temperature set-point (Fever is the body's response to a systemic microbial invasion and release of pyrogens by the immune cells. These pyrogens modify the body's temperature set-point in the hypothalamus.)

glucose

insulin