Most gastric ulcers are due to excessive production of ______
answer
hydrochloric acid (HCl)
question
Changes in ______ can modify respiration rate and rhythm even when carbon dioxide and oxygen levels are normal.
answer
arterial pH
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The only essential function of the stomach is to begin the digestion of proteins. (T/F)
answer
FALSE
question
Pepsinogen, an inactive digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________.
answer
chief cells of the stomach
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The _____ is thought to be instrumental in the smooth transition from inspiration to expiration.
answer
pons
question
Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?
answer
C-shaped cartilage rings
question
Dentin anchors the tooth in place T/F
answer
FALSE
question
Most nutrients are absorbed through the mucosa of the intestinal villi by ____
answer
active transport.
question
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________.
answer
Diffusion
question
The soft palate reflexively opens the nasopharynx to allow the passage of food, which is now called a bolus. (T/F)
answer
FALSE
question
Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________.
answer
ciliated mucus lining in the nose
question
Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by ________.
answer
the vagus nerve and enteric plexus
question
Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________.
answer
voluntary cortical control
question
The law that applies to the amount of CO2 you could dissolve in a soda is called ________ law.
answer
Henry's
question
functions of the low pH found in the stomach
answer
Stomach acid denatures proteins making the poly peptide chain more accessible to pepsin digestive enzymes.
Many potentially harmful bacteria will be prevented entry to the small intestine by stomach acid.
Low pH converts pepsinogen to its active form of pepsin, preventing the protease enzyme from digesting the cells that produce it.
question
Which of the following is true concerning the number and type of permanent teeth?
answer
There are 32 permanent teeth, and the wisdom teeth are the last to emerge.
question
Select the one response below that would not result from a drug that blocks histamine receptors in the cells lining the stomach.
answer
It would cause the release of secretin and cholecystokinin.
question
The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways is ________.
answer
friction
question
Select the best explanation for why protease enzymes are secreted in inactive forms.
answer
The cells producing inactive enzymes are themselves protected from the enzymes until they are safely within the lumen of the GI tract.
question
Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.
answer
pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
question
The erythrocyte (red blood cell) count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the ________.
answer
concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes
question
The parietal pleura lines the ____
answer
thoracic wall
question
All of the following are true of swallowing (deglutition)
answer
The involuntary portion of swallowing takes place in the pharynx.
The mouth, pharynx and esophagus all take part in swallowing.
The voluntary phase of swallowing takes place within the mouth.
question
Possible causes of hypoxia include ________.
answer
too little oxygen in the atmosphere
question
The main site of gas exchange is the ________.
answer
alveoli
question
From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen.
answer
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
question
Which of the following is least involved in the mechanical breakdown of food, digestion or absorption of nutrients?
answer
esophagus
question
Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?
answer
partial pressure gradient
question
Which structure is lined with simple squamous epithelium?
answer
alveolus
question
Which of the following is true regarding normal quiet expiration of air?
answer
It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration.
question
The digestive function of the liver is to produce___-
answer
bile.
question
The ducts that deliver bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas, respectively, unite to form the ________.
answer
hepatopancreatic ampulla
question
Which of the following is correct regarding acclimatization?
answer
High-altitude conditions always result in lower-than-normal hemoglobin saturation levels because less O2 is available to be loaded.
question
Generally the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin which are released by duodenal enteroendocrine cells will ________.
answer
slow the activities of the stomach
question
The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________.
answer
digestion
question
Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic. (T/F)
answer
FALSE
question
Which of the following is an appropriate response to carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning?
answer
hyperbaric oxygen chamber to increase PO2 and clear CO from the body
question
The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II alveolar cells. The function of type II alveolar cells is to ________.
answer
secrete surfactant.
question
Which of the following is the best explanation of the benefit in the digestive system having the largest collection of lymphoid tissue (MALT) at the distal end of the small intestine?
answer
The huge numbers of bacteria living in the large intestine must be prevented from entering the lumen of the small intestine and being absorbed with food's nutrients into the blood stream.
question
When swallowing, the epiglottis covers the larynx. (T/F)
answer
TRUE
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