Biology Chapter 3 Test

Functional Group: Hydroxyl / Monomers: Monosaccharides / Functions: glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose-Quick energy-cellulose, chitin-Structure & support in cell walls-Glycogen, starch-Energy Storage

Functional Group: Carboxyl / Monomers: Glycerol & Fatty Acids / Functions: fats-Stored Energy-oils,wax-Protection(Waterproof barrier)-steroid hormones-Chemical messengers-phospholipids-Structural component of cell membrane

Functional Group: Amino & Carboxyl / Monomers: Amino Acids / Functions: enzymes-Speed up chemical reactions-hormones-Chemical messengers-keratin & collagen(nails)-Structure-muscle fibers-Movement

Functional Group: Phosphate / Monomers: Nucleotides / Functions: DNA-Stores genetic info-RNA-Transfer genetic info-ATP-energy storage molecule

adding hydrogens, decreasing the number of double bonds in the molecules

hydrophobic

unsaturated

they are monomers used to build proteins

the number of amino acids in the protein

stirring

the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain

an alpha helix

the overall three-dimensional structure

primary

the genes in DNA direct the synthesis of an RNA molecule, which is used to build a protein

DNA/nucleotides

it lowers the activation energy of the reaction

the region of an enzyme attached to a substrate

competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of the enzyme; noncompetitive inhibitors bind to a different site

-from animals -solid at room temp. -maximum # of hydrogens -butter

-more double bonds/less hydrogen bonds -from plants -liquid at room temp -canola oil

You add hydrogen

hydrophobic,long non-polar hydrocarbon chains

-removes water -builds polymers -combines monomers -reactants:monomers -products:polymers & water

-adds water -breaks down polymers -forms monomers -reactants: polymers & water -product: monomers -breaks down substrate

-active site:a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction -substrate:the substance on which an enzyme acts -lowers activation energy -can be denatured by heat, pH, and salt -competitive&non-competitive inhibition

-Hydroxyl- -Carboxyl- -Amino- -Phosphate-

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

Proteins

Fat

Primary-sequence amino acids Secondary-coils/helixes or folds/pleats Tertiary-3D Structure Quat-"friends" one polypeptide associates w/ another

the threshold/minimum energy required to get a chemical reaction going, enzymes lower amount of activation energy

the region of an enzyme attached to a substrate

Building blocks of protein

A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms

cell wall in fungi cells made of

Describes a protein, the structure of which has been altered so that it no longer functions in the way it was meant to

a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix

a double sugar formed from two monosaccharides(sugar)

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

A large lipid molecule made from glycerol and three fatty acids; a triglyceride. Most fats function as energy-storage molecules.

simple forms of fat that supply energy fuel for most of the body's cells, non-polar in lipids,

A simple sugar that is an important source of quick energy.

A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils, in lipids

small subunits

The simplest carbohydrate; a simple sugar with a molecular formula that is generally some multiple of CH2O. Monosaccharides are the monomers of disaccharides and polysaccharides.

A building block of nucleic acids, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups.

The covalent bond between two amino acid units in a polypeptide, formed by a dehydration reaction

A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group, giving the molecule two nonpolar hydrophobic tails and a polar hydrophillic head. Phospholipids form bilayers that function as biological membranes.

a long chain of monomers

A carbohydrate polymer of many monosaccarides (sugars) linked by dehydration reactions.

A storage polysaccharide in plants; a polymer of glucose.

a molecule upon which an enzyme acts. Substrate bonds with the enzyme active site and an enzyme-substrate complex is formed.

A disaccharide made of glucose + fructose; Table sugar

...

to act as catylists and speed up chemical reactions

By change in temperature, pH, or salt