Bio Exam 2

a) All living organisms carry DNA in practically ever cell in their bodies. b) DNA can serve as an "individual identifier." c) DNA carries instructions for the functions of every cell and enzyme in living organisms. d) DNA carries a record of evolutionary history. e) All of the above are true. Answer: e

a) Genetic evidence can determine if an individual is predisposed to criminal behavior. b) Scientific evidence was not admissible in U.S. courts until just recently. c) DNA evidence is a more reliable individual identifier compared to eyewitness testimony. d) Juries have tended to exhibit biases against DNA evidence in the past; however, that trend is now changing. e) Scientists only discovered in 2005 that each individual's DNA is unique. Answer: c

a) All four do actually occur in equal amounts. Levene was right. b) DNA contains equal amounts of adenine and guanine, and equal amounts of thymine and cytosine. c) DNA contains equal amounts of guanine and thymine, and equal amounts of adenine and cytosine. d) DNA contains equal amounts of adenine and thymine, and equal amounts of guanine and cytosine. e) DNA contains twice as much adenine and thymine as guanine and cytosine . Answer: d

a) high G-C content makes the DNA less flexible . b) DNA with a high G-C content forms a tighter double helix. c) G-C base pairing involves three hydrogen bonds, whereas A−T pairing involves only two. d) All of the above are correct. e) Only a and b are correct. Answer: c

a) always be equal to the number of adenine bases. b) always be equal to the number of thymine bases. c) sometimes be equal to the number of cytosine bases and will sometimes be equal to the number of adenine bases. d) sometimes be equal to the number of thymine bases and will sometimes be equal to the number of adenine bases . e) always be equal to the number of cytosine bases. Answer: e

a) the phosphate group b) the sugar c) the base d) the histone e) the ladder Answer: c

a) 3 billion b) 10 billion c) 30 billion d) 100 billion e) 1 trillion Answer: a

a) alleles; traits b) bases; chromosomes c) bases; alleles d) alleles; bases A

a) transcription and then replication b) translation and then transcription c) transcription and then translation d) replication and then translation e) replication and then transcription Answer: c

a) a protein's sequence of bases is made; amino acid b) the gene's sequence of bases is made; genome c) the gene's sequence of bases is made; protein d) a protein's sequence of amino acids is made; gene e) the gene's sequence of bases is made; amino acid C

a) transcription, translation b) reverse-transcription, translation c) translation, transcription d) transduction, translation e) translocation, transcription Answer: a

a) you write all the letters upside down . b) the copy is made in code . c) you have to copy using your left hand (unless you're left-handed, then you have to copy using your right hand). d) the notecard is black and the letters are white. e) None of the above is correct; transcription is just like copying a recipe onto a notecard. Answer: b

a) UUACCGAUA b) UUGAACGUA c) GGTAACTGT d) TTACCGATA e) CCGTTAGCT Answer: a

a) uracil b) tRNA c) adenine d) cytosine e) thymine Answer: a

a) thymine, replaced by uracil b) guanine, replaced by cytosine c) adenine, replaced by uracil d) thymine, replaced by guanine e) cytosine, replaced by guanine Answer: a

a) the smooth endoplasmic reticulum b) the ribosomes c) the peroxisome ' d) the Golgi apparatus e) the vesicles Answer: b

a) It must involve the insertion or deletion of nucleotides . b) It changes the reading frame of the protein coding sequence. c) It usually doesn't change the amino acid sequence very drastically. d) Only a and b are correct. e) None of the above is correct. Answer: d

a) are generally unimportant in evolution. b) can be affected by environmental factors. c) are equal in all species—this is why we can accurately calibrate a molecular clock. d) tend to be higher in E. coli than in Homo sapiens . e) can be synonymous or non-synonymous. Answer: b

a) blindness b) blood doping c) severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) d) anemia e) diabetes Answer: a

a) cloned organisms. b) genetically engineered organisms . c) transgenic organisms. d) Only b and c are correct. e) All of the above are correct. Answer: d

a) The plant grows significantly larger ears of corn. b) The plant produces better tasting fruits. c) The plant produces a toxin designed to kill corn borers. d) The plant produces a toxin designed to kill monarch butterflies C

a) Most of the potatoes in Ireland were propagated from cuttings of the same plant . b) In the mid-1800s, much of the population of Ireland depended on potatoes . c) The potato originated in Ireland. d) When the crops were infected by a rot-causing mold, all of the potato plants were susceptible and most were wiped out. e) Most of the potatoes in Ireland were genetically the same. Answer: c

a) that have a sequence of DNA from another organism inserted into them. b) that only have trans-DNA. c) that have hybridized with other species of bacteria . d) found in the DNA of other organisms . e) that produce genes used in recombinant DNA technology. Answer: a

a) insulin b) erythropoietin c) human growth hormone d) polysaccharide e) aldehyde dehydrogenase Answer: a

a) the replacement of organs from patients with genetic disorders by transplantation . b) drug treatment of patients with genetic disorders at specific times that correspond with cell division . c) no controversial or ethical questions. d) introducing non-defective genes into the cells of an individual with a genetic disorder D

a) Cloning specifically refers to creation of new individuals with the exact genome as a donor individual. b) Hans Spemann successfully cloned the first animal in 1938. c) The only successfully cloned animals have been sheep. d) Cloning refers to a variety of techniques, ranging from whole organism cloning to tissue and organ cloning. e) Scientists have successfully cloned a dinosaur from DNA fragments found in preserved fossils. Answer: d

a) inducing cell division b) isolating an egg cell from one sheep and a mammary cell from another c) growing the embryo in culture d) transplanting the embryo into the uterus of a surrogate mother sheep e) removing the nucleus from the mammary cell Answer: a

a) cloning cows that produce more milk b) cloning chickens that lay more eggs c) cloning sheep that produce more wool at a younger age d) cloning turkeys that have larger breast muscles e) cloning hamsters to produce human erythropoietin (EPO). Answer: e

a) PCR b) gel electrophoresis c) restriction enzymes d) All of the above techniques/tools must be used. e) Only b and c must be used. Answer: d

a) whether two puppies were sired by the same father b) whether a gene is dominant or recessive c) whether your child will be blonde- or brown-haired d) whether a human fetus is male or female e) whether your canary died of a viral or bacterial infection Answer: a

a) 0.1%; 100 b) 0.1%; 1 million c) 0.1%; 3 million d) 1%; 3 million e) 1%; 10 million Answer: c