In the waggle dance, distance to a food source is indicated by the speed of the dance and by the _____.
answer
number of waggles
question
An unlearned behavior directly linked to a stimulus that is carried to completion once initiated and is essentially unchangeable is _____.
answer
a fixed action pattern
question
Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Terms can be used once, more than once, or not at all.
answer
1. a question about why a behavior occurs relates to ultimate causation
2. a learned behavior is shaped by experiences
3. if an animal's experience during development does not influence a response, the response is most likely an innate behavior
4. a fixed action pattern is an example of innate behavior
5. a learned behavior can vary widely within a species
6. a scientist who questions the evolutionary history that a given behavior relates to is investigating its ultimate causation
7. an action that is observed in embryos is an innate behavior
8. a scientist examining the mechanism of a particular behavior is studying proximate causation
question
Sort the statements into the appropriate bins depending on which type of learning they describe.
answer
imprinting-A hawk raised by
humans will not mate
with another hawk, Geese follow the first
moving stimulus they
see after hatching.
Spatial learning-A rat can navigate a
maze by using landmarks, Grey squirrels can
relocate buried food, An octopus can navigate
in a new tank after a
24-hour learning period.
Conditioning- A dolphin associates
the sound of a clicker
with a food reward, A pigeon is trained
to push a lever
for a food reward.
Cognition-A captive orca discovers
how to use fish
to lure seagulls, A chimpanzee teaches
sign language to
another chimpanzee, Capuchins can modify
a stick to obtain candy.
question
Select all that apply.
answer
-In Egyptian vultures, eating ostrich eggs is a learned behavior.
-Examining the anatomical mechanism that enables Egyptian vultures to throw rocks relates to proximate causation.
-Rock-throwing in vultures is an innate behavior.
-Questioning whether the rock-throwing behavior arose from egg-throwing relates to ultimate causation.
question
In the digger wasp experiment, it was shown that the wasp used the arrangement of a ring of pinecones to navigate back to the nest. Which experiment would show that the wasp uses the arrangement of objects in the environment rather than the specific "ring" shape to find the nest?
answer
Place a triangle of pinecones around the nest while the wasp is inside. After she leaves the nest, move the triangle to the side of the nest and see if she returns to the arrangement of pinecones instead of the nest. Repeat for other shapes.
question
Studies have shown that soils rich in zinc salts can enhance the productivity of crop plants. In addition, it has been demonstrated that use of a liquid fertilizer fortified with zinc enhances the productivity of citrus trees. A new study is prepared to examine the effects of zinc on the productivity of green pepper plants by using a fertilizer with a high zinc content called PHAT PLANT. Green pepper plants will also be grown with a fertilizer that has the same formulation as PHAT PLANT except that it has a low zinc content. Which of the following statements most accurately represents the question being asked in this study?
answer
Does zinc have an effect on the productivity of pepper plants?
question
Which of the following statements describes a proximate cause?
answer
People sleep at night because a molecule that accumulates during the day has an effect on the sleep centers of the brain.
question
Which of the following statements describes an ultimate cause?
answer
Birds have hollow bones because hollow bones increased the fitness of their ancestors by allowing them to run faster and capture prey more efficiently.
question
A learning process that can occur only during a limited period of the individual's development is called _____.
answer
imprinting
question
Every morning a graduate student turns on the light in the laboratory and then feeds the fish in the aquarium. After a couple of weeks of this routine, the graduate student notices that the fish come to the surface to feed as soon as the lights are turned on. The behavior of the fish is a result of _____.
answer
classical conditioning
question
How does the average number of drops required to break open a whelk depend on platform height?
answer
The number of drops required decreases with increasing drop height.
question
How would you describe the relationship between total flight height and drop height?
answer
Total flight height is higher at the lowest and highest drop heights than at the mid-range drop heights.
question
Are the data consistent with the hypothesis of optimal foraging?
answer
Yes, because the height preferred by crows roughly coincides with the lowest total flight height.
question
What factors--other than the total energy required--could be affected by drop height? Select all that apply.
answer
-Winds that alter drop angle might vary with height.
-A crow using a very high drop height might not be able to guard as effectively against scavengers that try to seize the broken whelk.
-A higher drop height might make it harder to see where an unbroken whelk ends up after bouncing off the rocks.
question
Why might crows favor larger whelks?
answer
Large whelks might offer more calories than small whelks.
question
If the probability of breaking instead increased with each additional drop, what change might you predict in the crows' behavior?
answer
The crows would fly to lower heights in subsequent drops.
question
Feeding behavior with a high intake to expenditure ratio is called _____.
answer
optimal foraging
question
Imagine that you are studying the food preferences of a lizard species across its range. You have hypothesized that because these populations are fairly separate from one another, the lizards have evolved different food preferences. You discover that in the desert, the lizard seems to prefer various types of flies, whereas at higher, wetter altitudes, it prefers one type of beetle. Does this observation support your hypothesis?
answer
No. First I need to determine whether the offspring of these lizards, raised in the laboratory under the same conditions, will reflect the parental food preferences.
question
An individual organism has the option to raise various offspring and/or genetic relatives. Which of the following options represents the greatest genetic success?
answer
one offspring, one nephew, and two grandchildren
question
The key idea of sociobiology is that _____.
answer
social behavior is an expression of genes that have been perpetuated by natural selection
question
For this research, the monkeys at the Yerkes National Primate Research Center were studied in groups based on whether they were _______.
answer
dominant or subordinate
question
The researchers assumed that the subordinate monkeys experienced_______.
answer
more stress than the dominant monkeys
question
Dominant monkeys ate more than subordinate monkeys when the food offered was _______.
answer
low-fat and high in fiber
question
When fatty, high-sugar foods were offered, subordinate monkeys _______.
answer
ate more after dark
question
The most likely explanation for why the subordinate monkeys binged on fatty, high-sugar 'comfort food' while the dominant monkeys did not is that _______.
answer
the subordinate monkeys coped with higher stress levels by activating the reward pathways in their brains with fatty, high-sugar food
question
The changes to the cuttlefish's skin are related to _______.
answer
camouflage
question
Camouflage contributes to the cuttlefish's survival by enabling it to _______.
answer
hide from predators
question
Cuttlefish placed in a sandy environment with white rocks will camouflage their skin in a pattern called _______.
answer
disruptive camouflage
question
In the presence of a black-and-white striped background, a cuttlefish was observed to _______.
answer
move its arm to match the orientation of the stripes
question
Which question was raised but not answered in the video?
answer
How do cuttlefish camouflage themselves even though they are colorblind?
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