APUSH Unit 8

Shanty towns that the unemployed built in the cities during the early years of the Depression; the name given to them shows that thte people blamed Hoover directly for the Depression.

The informal radio conversations Roosevelt had with the people to keep spirits up. It was a means of communicating with the people on how he would take on the depression.

Relief: (CCC) March 31, 1933; reduced poverty/unemployment, helped young men and families; young men go to rural camps for 6 months to do construction work; $1/day; intended to help youth escape cities; concerned with soil erosion, state/national parks, telephone/power lines; 40 hr weeks

Recovery: (AAA); May 12, 1933; restricted crop production to reduce crop surplus; goal was to reduce surplus to raise value of crops; farmers paid subsidies by federal government; declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in US vs Butler on January 6, 1936

New deal program to control flooding,conserve soil,and bring hydroelectric power to the mid-south

RFC was an independant agency of the United States government. It granted over 2 billion dollars to the local and state governments. It was charted under the Herbert Hoover administration.

chairman of the board of general motors, wrote an article for the Ladies Home Jounal titled "Everybody Ought to be Rich"; person who saved $15 each month and invested it in good sstocks would have $80,000 within twenty years

during the bull market of the 1920's, stock prices increased at roughly twice the rate of industrial production; paper value outran real value

bull market peaked in early September, and prices drifted downward; oct 23 the dow jones industrials lost 21 points in one hour and many investors concluded the boom was over. the boom rested on continually rising prices, and when that didn't happen, the market declined. on oct 28 the dow jones lost 38 points (13 percent of its value) and oct 29, "black tuesday" the bottom seemed to fall out

workers and consumers recieved too small a share of the enormous increases in labor productivity; between 1923 and 1929, manufacturing output per worker increased by 32 percent, but wages only rose 8 percent. Farmers prices declined, there was a drop in exports, and large debts incurred by wartime expansion; extremely unequal distribution of income and wealth; manufactureres decreased their production and began laying off workers, and layoffs brought further declines in government spending; bank failures

women, because their labor was cheaper than men's, actually found it easier to hold onto jobs. Female clerks, secretaries, maids, and waitresses earned much less than male factory workers, but their jobs were more likely to survive hard times

failed to respond to human suffering; administered large scale humanitarian efforts during world war 1 with great efficiency; Presidents Organization for Unemployment Relief (POUR) created in 1931 did little more than encourage local groups to raise money to help the unemployed ; most important administration accomplisment was the RFC

established in early 1932 was designed to make government credit available to ailing banks, railroads, insurance companies, and other businesses, thereby stimulating economic activity; managed to save some banks from going under, but didn't really do anything to hasten recovery

authorized the RFC to lend 300 million to states that had exhausted their own relief funds

protest took its name from a 1924 act of Congress that had promised a $1000 bonus in the form of a bond that would not mature until 1945- to every veteran of WWI. Veterans who were gathering in Washington demanded immediate payment of the bonus in cash. By summer, they and their families numbered around 20,000 and were camped all over the capital city. At the end of July, U.S army troops led by Chief of Staff General Douglas MacArthur forcibly evicted the remaining 2000 veterans from their encampment; provided most disturbing evidence of Hoover administration failure

"the only thing we have to fear is fear itself;" The very next day, he issued an executive order calling for a four day bank holiday to help fix the country's ailing financial system. Between election day and the inaugeration, the banking ystem had come alarmingly close to shutting down altogether.

gave the president broad discretionary powers over all banking transactions and foreign exchange; authorized all healthy banks to repoen only under licenses from the Treasury Department, and provided for greater deferal authority in managin the affairs of failed banks; by the middle of March, almost half of the country's banks were open for business again

FDR pushed through Congress an extraordinary number of acts designed to combat various aspects of the Depression;

half the money went as direct relief to the states, rest was districuted on the basis of a dollar of federal aid for every three dollars state and local funds spent for relief. Establishment of work relief projects was left for state and local governmernts

each industry would be self governed by a code hammered out by representatives of business, labor, and the consuming public. Once approved by the NRA, the codes would have the force of law

Catholic priest in suburban Detroit, criticized the new deal; formed the National Union for Social Justice; said that the solution for the depression was printing more money

entered the 1934 Democratic primary for governor running on a program he called EPIC, for End Poverty in California. He proposed a $50 a month pension for all poor people over age sixty. His campaign also emphasized a government run system of "production for use" (rather than profit) workshops for the unemployed.Lost general election

created a large following among senior citizens by creating the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan; called for payments of $200 a month to all people over sixty, provided that the money was spent within thirty days; pensions would be financed by a national 2 percent tax on all commercial transactions

Louisiana governor in 1928, largest threat to Roosevelt's leadership; organized Share Our Wealth Society, which had the purpose of breaking up fortunes and literally "sharing the wealth"

Three major goals: strengthening the national commitment to creating jobs, providing security against old age, unemployment, and illness; nad improving housing conditions and cleaning slums. Second Hundred Days marked the high point of progressive lawkmaking in the new deal

allocated 5 billion for large scale public works programs for the jobless

provided for old age pensions and unemployment insurance; a payroll tax on workers and their employers created a fund from which reitrees recieved monthly pensions after afe sixty five. Payment size depended on how much employees and their employers had contributed over the years; failed to cover domestics and farm workers, many of whom were Latinos and African Americans, also made no provisions for casual laborers or public employees

federal government guarunteed the right of american workers to join or form independent labor unions, and bargain collectively for improved wages, benefits, or working conditions; also defined and prohibited unfair labor pracitces by employers

Relocation of poor rural families; reforestation and soil erosion projects

Federal funding for public housing and slum clearance

Federal minimum wage and maximum hours

created low income housing by subsidizing rents for poor people and extended long-term loans to local agencies willing to assume part of the cost of slum clearance and public housing

May, 1935 - The U.S. Supreme Court declared the National Industrial Recovery Act unconstitutional. It held that Condress had improperly delegated legislative authority to the National Industrial Recovery Administration and that the federal government had exceeded its jurisduction because Schecter was not engaged in interstate commerce.

court case, killed the AAA, although FDR insisted on continuing by creating smaller state-level AAAs

FDR tried to appoint supreme court officials to make the supreme court more democratic in order to pass more bills, unconstitutional

(born Fanny Coralie Perkins, lived April 10, 1882 - May 14, 1965) was the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet. As a loyal supporter of her friend Franklin D. Roosevelt, she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition

Roosevelt appointed a number of blacks to significant second level positions in his administration, creating an informal network of officeholders that became known as this. '

(FDR) 1934 , June 28, 1934- It created the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation. It was designed to stop the tide of bank foreclosures on family homes, it instead gave loans