APUSH Chapter 18 Terms

an industrial process for making steel using a Bessemer converter to blast air through through molten iron and thus burning the excess carbon and impurities

United States industrialist and philanthropist who endowed education and public libraries and research trusts (1835-1919)

practice in which a single manufacturer controls all of the steps used to change raw materials into finished products

powerful and wealthy 19th century steel corporation founded by Andrew Carnagie and JP morgan

American industrialist and philanthropist. Rockefeller revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. In 1870, Rockefeller founded the Standard Oil Company ; first billionaire

A technique used by John D. Rockefeller. Horizontal integration is an act of joining or consolidating with ones competitors to create a monopoly. Rockefeller was excellent with using this technique to monopolize certain markets. It is responsible for the majority of his wealth.

Rockefeller's company, in 1881, owned 90 percent of the oil refinery business, with a board of trustees at the head

The trusts came under widespread scrutiny and attack in the early 1800's. Middle class citizens feared the trusts' unchecked powers, and urban elites resented the increasing influence of the rich

This was the style of capitalism in which the government had no interference with the economy

Scottish professor of philosophy. Developed the idea of free enterprise, critical of mercantilism. Wrote Wealth of Nations.

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment

Thesis that hard work and perseverance lead to wealth, implying that poverty is a character flaw.

The first transatlantic telegraph cable crossed the Atlantic Ocean from Foilhommerum, Valentia Island, in western Ireland to Heart's Content, in eastern Newfoundland. The transatlantic cable bridged North America and Europe, and expedited communication between the two. Whereas it would normally take at least ten days to deliver a message by ship, it now took a matter of minutes by telegraph

He was an American inventor who was responsible for developing the telephone. This greatly improved communications in the country.

American inventor famous for the light bulb and his inventions which use electricity

Department stores like this expanded their sales through the use of mail-order catalogs and the creation of "chain" stores.

A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers

an agreement some companies forced workers to take that forbade them from joining a union. This was a method used to limit the power of unions, thus hampering their development.

founded by William Sylvis (1866); supported 8-hour workday, convict labor, federal department of labor, banking reform, immigration restrictions to increase wages, women; excluded blacks

In Chicago, home to about 80,000 Knights of Labor and a few hundred anarchists that advocated a violent overthrow of the American government, tensions had been building, and on May 4, 1886, Chicago police were advancing on a meeting that had been called to protest brutalities by authorities when a dynamite bomb was thrown, killing or injuring several dozen people.

The first federation of labor unions in the United States. Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

It was one of the most violent strikes in U.S. history. It was against the Homestead Steel Works, which was part of the Carnegie Steel Company, in Pennsylvania in retaliation against wage cuts. The riot was ultimately put down by Pinkerton Police and the state militia, and the violence further damaged the image of unions.

Railway strike where 300,000+ workers went on strike against the Pullman Company. Halted both railway traffic and mail delevery. Federal troops ended it. Resulted in Federal Gov supporting business over unions.

Negative term for a worker called in by an employer to replace striking laborers

an attempt by management to put pressure on unions by temporarily closing the business