At the beginning of the 19th century, it was thought that the substances that made up living things were special and could not be synthesized by ordinary chemical methods. This now-discarded theory was called the theory of _____.
answer
vitalism
question
The first organic molecule to be synthesized from inorganic substances that could be prepared directly from inorganic substances was _____.
answer
acetic acid
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Stanley Miller's experiments were significant because he demonstrated that _____.
answer
a variety of simple organic compounds could be spontaneously synthesized from components in Earth's primitive atmosphere
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Which is an organic molecule?
answer
CH4
question
Which element is always associated with organic chemistry?
answer
carbon
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What is the three-dimensional shape created by hybrid orbitals that are formed when a carbon atom is covalently bonded with four other atoms?
answer
a tetrahedron with carbon in the center
question
A straight-chain carbon compound constructed from _____ must contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
answer
6 hydrogen, 3 carbon
question
Carbon atoms are the most versatile building blocks of the molecules used by living organisms because _____.
answer
each carbon atom acts as an intersection point from which a molecule can branch off in up to four directions
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The carbon atom is tetravalent; this means that _____.
answer
a carbon atom can complete its valence shell by forming four covalent bonds
question
Which of the following are properties of hydrocarbons?
answer
Hydrophobic, nonpolar, good source of stored energy
question
A molecule has one carbon-carbon double bond and four monovalent atoms or groups. How many different geometric isomers exist for this molecule?
answer
2
question
Pharmaceutical companies are selling close to $200 billion worth of single-enantiomer drugs. Why might it be important to use only one form of an enantiomer?
answer
One enantiomer may provide an effective treatment while the other may be ineffective or even toxic.
question
Which of the following functional groups is present in all amino acids?
answer
-NH2
question
Which of these is found in all amino acids?
answer
Both -COOH and -NH2
question
Glucose and hexanoic acid each contain six carbon atoms, but they have completely different properties. Glucose is a nutrient found in food; hexanoic acid is poisonous. Their differences must be due to different _____.
answer
functional groups
question
Although the structures of the functional groups that are most important to life vary, they share one thing in common: They _____.
answer
all are hydrophilic and increase the organic compound's water solubility
question
Ethanol, propanol, and methanol are three simple alcohols. They can be grouped together because they _____.
answer
all share the same functional group: a hydroxyl
question
Which one of the following molecules has a carboxyl functional group?
answer
R-COOH
question
Which of the following molecules is a weak acid?
answer
R-COOH
The amino group (-NH2) of R-NH2 can function as a base. It can accept a proton (H+), but it cannot donate a proton (H+).
question
Which one of the following functional groups increases the solubility of organic compounds in water?
answer
All of the functional groups are hydrophilic and thus increase the solubility of organic molecules in water.
question
Which of the following examples describes a unique functional property of the carboxyl group?
answer
The covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar that hydrogen ions tend to dissociate reversibly.
question
Which of the following functional groups is associated with a release of energy that cells can harvest to perform many functions?
answer
phosphate
Consider which group is associated with the molecule ATP.
question
Which functional group would you predict is part of abscisic acid (ABA)?
answer
carboxyl
question
The ionized or dissociated carboxyl group may be written as _____.
answer
-COO-
question
Choose the pair of terms that complete this sentence about functional groups in organic chemistry: Carboxyl is to ______ as ______ is to base.
answer
acid; amino
question
What is a thiol?
answer
A thiol is a molecule containing a sulfhydryl functional group.
question
What is ATP's importance in the cell?
answer
ATP stores the potential to react with water, thereby removing a phosphate group and releasing energy for cellular processes.
question
What are the six most important chemical elements of life?
answer
chonps
question
amino group
answer
A chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in solution, accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of 1+.
question
ammonia
answer
A small, very toxic molecule (NH3) produced by nitrogen fixation or as a metabolic waste product of protein and nucleic acid metabolism.
question
carbonyl group
answer
A chemical group present in aldehydes and ketones and consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.
question
carboxyl group
answer
A chemical group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.
question
enantiomer
answer
One of two compounds that are mirror images of each other.
question
functional group
answer
A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions.
question
geometric isomer
answer
One of several compounds that have the same molecular formula and covalent arrangements but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds.
question
hydrocarbon
answer
An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.
question
hydroxyl group
answer
A chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom joined to a hydrogen atom. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols.
question
isomer
answer
One of several compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties. The three types of isomers are structural isomers, geometric isomers, and enantiomers.
question
methyl group
answer
A chemical group consisting of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms. The methyl group may be attached to a carbon or to a different atom.
question
organic chemistry
answer
The study of carbon compounds (organic compounds).
question
phosphate group
answer
A chemical group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; important in energy transfer.
question
sulfhydryl group
answer
A chemical group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom.
question
urea
answer
A soluble nitrogenous waste produced in the liver by a metabolic cycle that combines ammonia with carbon dioxide.
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