Which of the following statements is correct?
The number of muscle fibers best determines how powerful a muscle will be.
Muscle fibers running in parallel arrangement generate more power.
The more a muscle shortens, the more power it generates.
Multipennate muscles do not produce much power because the fibers run in many directions.
answer
The number of muscle fibers best determines how powerful a muscle will be.
More fibers means more power.
question
Which of the following are correctly matched?
parallel arrangement of fascicles; characteristic of sphincter muscles
pennate arrangement of fascicles; spindle-shaped muscle
convergent arrangement of fascicles; fan-shaped muscle
circular arrangement of fascicles; describes the deltoid muscle
answer
convergent arrangement of fascicles; fan-shaped muscle
A convergent muscle has a broad origin, and its fascicles converge toward a single tendon of insertion. Such a muscle is triangular or fan shaped like the pectoralis major muscle of the anterior thorax.
question
Why is the body position of both a post-surgical patient and the caregiver critical in performing a safe patient move from bed to chair?
so that surgical wound stitches are not pulled apart
so that lifting leverage can be properly applied
because patients are not expected to exert any effort
so that the caregiver can support patient's full body weight
answer
so lifting leverage can be properly applied
question
The hamstrings consist of three muscles located on the posterior thigh. Why is it recommended that a caregiver squat using these muscles to help a patient sit down?
because it forcibly flexes the caregiver's thighs
because it prevents back muscle strain
because it permits the patient to be farther away
because it eliminates lifting belt use when moving adults
answer
because it prevents back muscle strain
question
Which of the following joint muscles is correctly matched with its lever type?
triceps brachii at the elbow; third-class lever
trapezius action on the atlanto-occipital joint; second-class lever
biceps brachii at the elbow; third-class lever
gastrocnemius tendon at the ankle: first-class lever
answer
biceps brachii at the elbow; third-class leaver
In this case, the force is applied by the biceps brachii between the fulcrum, the elbow joint, and the load, which is the forearm.
question
Which of the following movements demonstrates a first-class lever?
flexing your knee to raise your heel toward your buttocks
lifting a rock with your right hand and arm
raising your head up off your chest
standing on your toes
answer
raising your head up off your chest
Raising your head up off your chest demonstrates a first-class lever. The posterior neck muscles provide the effort, the atlanto-occipital joint is the fulcrum, and the weight to be lifted is the facial skeleton.
question
A muscle that crosses the posterior side of a joint will always cause extension.
True
False
answer
False
Most of the time this is correct. There are two exceptions, the knee and the ankle. These joints are reversed because of rotation during development.
question
Which of the following is NOT used as a criterion for naming muscles?
the shape of the muscle
the location of the muscle
the nervous system's control of the muscle
the number of origins for
the muscle
the locations of the muscle attachments
answer
the nervous system's control of the muscle
Whether the muscle is controlled by the involuntary or voluntary nervous system is not a criterion used for naming muscles.
question
Which of the following are correctly matched?
deltoid; at a right angle to the long axis
rectus; straight
transverse; parallel to the long axis
brevis; long
answer
rectus; straight
Rectus means "straight."
question
Which of the following muscles is named for its size?
deltoid
trapezius
gluteus maximus
sternocleidomastoid
answer
gluteus maximus
The term maximus indicates the size of this muscle; gluteus maximus is the largest of the gluteus muscles. Additionally, gluteal is the name of the region where the muscle is located.
question
Which of the following muscles is named for its action?
biceps brachii
frontalis
gluteus minimus
levator labii superioris
answer
levator labii superioris
The levator labii superioris is named for its action of elevating the upper lip.
question
Which description of a muscle action is NOT correct?
Antagonists counter the action of a prime mover.
Synergists help agonists.
Fixators hold joints in place, so movement does not occur.
Agonists are the prime movers for an action.
answer
fixators hold joints in place, so movement does not occur.
Fixators do hold a bone in place; however, they provide a stable base for a prime mover to create movement.
question
Which functional group has the major responsibility for countering a specific movement?
antagonists
synergists
agonists
fixators
answer
antagonists
The antagonist opposes the movement produced by the agonist. It is often responsible for returning a limb to its initial position. Antagonists also adjust the action of their agonists by contracting slightly to provide some resistance, thus helping to prevent overshooting the mark or to slow or stop the movement. Agonist/antagonist pairs are located on opposite sides of the joint across which they act.
question
What benefit would an improved muscle tone from strengthening the quadriceps femoris muscles provide?
enhanced lateral thigh abduction
better-stabilized knee joint
more rapid knee flexion
greater control of thigh adduction
answer
better-stabilized knee joint
question
Name the muscle at A.
frontalis
zygomaticus
orbicularis oris
orbicularis oculi
answer
orbicularis oculi
Orbicularis oculi is a sphincter muscle of the eyelid that surrounds the rim of the orbit.
question
Which muscle tenses the skin of the neck and assists in depression of the mandible?
A
B
C
D
answer
B
The platysma muscle tenses the neck skin and aids in depressing the mandible. It originates in the fascia of the upper chest.
question
Two muscles in this image, identified by the letters C and D, share a function. What is that function?
to open the mouth and depress the mandible
to compress the cheek
to close the jaw
to provide forward
sliding and side-to-side grinding movements of the lower teeth
answer
to close the jaw
The muscles at C and D originate on the skull and insert on the mandible. They exert powerful forces during chewing (elevation of the mandible).
question
Which of these muscles is visible in the figure but NOT indicated by a letter?
transversus abdominis
serratus anterior
external oblique
internal oblique
answer
serratus anterior
The serratus anterior originates on ribs I through VIII and inserts on the anterior surface of the vertebral border of the scapula. It interdigitates with the external oblique.
question
Which muscle originates on the pubic crest and symphysis and inserts on the xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs V through VII?
A
B
C
D
answer
D
The rectus abdominis originates on the pubic crest and symphysis and inserts on the xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs V through VII.
question
Identify the action of the muscle at A.
extend the spine
compress the abdomen
flex the spine
twist the trunk
answer
compress the abdomen
The transversus abdominis muscles are the deepest of the abdominal wall. They compress the abdominal contents.
question
Identify the levator ani muscle.
A
B
C
D
answer
D
The levator ani muscle is important in the support of the pelvic organs during various activities that put stress upon it, such as coughing and vomiting.
question
What is the name and origin of the muscle at A?
superficial transverse perineal; ischial tuberosity
ischiocavernosus; ischial tuberosities
coccygeus; spine of the ischium
bulbospongiosus; central tendon of perineum
answer
ischiocavernosus; ischial tuberosities
The ischiocavernosus retards venous drainage and maintains the erection of the penis or clitoris. It originates at the ischial tuberosities and inserts into the crura of the penis or clitoris.
question
Which muscle is innervated by the S3 nerve, S4 nerve, and the inferior rectal nerve (a branch of the pudendal nerve)?
A
B
C
D
answer
D
The levator ani muscles are innervated by several nerves including the pudendal, while the other muscles indicated are innervated by the pudendal nerve alone.
question
Which muscle inserts on the greater tubercle of the humerus?
A
B
C
D
answer
C
The infraspinatus typically originates on the infraspinous fossa of the scapula and inserts into the greater tubercle of the humerus posterior to the insertion of supraspinatus.
question
Which muscle is the prime mover of arm abduction (assuming all fibers are used)?
A
B
C
D
answer
C
The deltoid muscle has three sets of fibers. If all three are activated, the arm is abducted at the shoulder.
question
Which muscle is known as the "boxer's muscle" for its ability to move the arm horizontally, as in throwing a punch?
A
B
C
D
answer
D
The serratus anterior can be used to violently pull the scapula laterally and thus pull the shoulder forward, adding strength to a horizontal punch.
question
Which of the following muscles is shown on this image but is NOT indicated with a letter?
teres major
latissimus dorsi
levator scapulae
deltoid
answer
deltoid
The deltoid, located in the upper right hand of the image, originates at the acromion of the scapula and inserts into the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus.
question
Which muscle is a prime mover of arm abduction?
A
B
C
D
answer
A
This muscle originates along the spine and ribs and inserts into the humerus. It is a powerful actor during chin-ups.
question
Which of the following letters represents the infraspinatus muscle?
A
B
C
D
answer
B
The infraspinatus muscle originates in (and is named for) the infraspinous fossa of the scapula. (Be careful that you don't confuse the words infraspinous and infraspinatus.)
question
Which letter represents the biceps brachii muscle?
A
B
C
D
answer
A
The biceps brachii is a two-headed fusiform muscle. The tendon of the long head helps to stabilize the shoulder joint.
question
Which muscle is an antagonist to the biceps brachii muscle?
A
B
C
D
answer
D
The triceps brachii muscle extends the forearm, while the biceps brachii flexes it, making them antagonistic.
question
Which of the muscles indicated by letters has action at only one joint?
A
B
D
answer
B
This muscle originates on the humerus and extends to the ulna, so it only has action at the elbow joint.
question
Identify the palmaris longus muscle.
A
B
C
D
answer
C
This muscle inserts into the fascia of the palm and acts to tense the skin and fascia of the palm during hand movement. It is interesting that this muscle is missing in just over 10% of humans.
question
Which muscle provides a guide to the position of the radial artery at the wrist for taking the pulse?
A
B
C
D
answer
D
The radial pulse can easily be found between the tendons of flexor carpi radialis and brachioradialis.
question
Muscles A through D all have an origin in common-- what is it?
radial tuberosity
lateral aspect of the proximal ulna
medial epicondyle of humerus
lateral epicondyle of humerus
answer
medial epicondyle of humerus
All of the labeled muscles share this origin, although some have additional ones. This position of origin is important so that these muscles may function properly whether the forearm is supinated or pronated.
question
Which of the following letters represents the sartorius muscle?
A
B
C
D
answer
B
The muscle shown at B is the sartorius muscle.
question
Which muscle would be a prime mover of knee extension?
A
B
C
D
answer
C
The muscle in C originates on the coxal bone and inserts into the patella. It is a powerful knee extensor.
question
Which muscle helps a person to cross a leg when seated (place one's lateral ankle on the opposite knee)?
A
B
C
D
answer
B
Sartorius laterally rotates and abducts the thigh, which would both be necessary in placing one ankle on the opposite knee when sitting.
question
Identify the gluteus maximus muscle.
A
B
C
D
answer
B
The gluteus maximus is the large muscle that defines the buttocks and is a major thigh extensor.
question
Which muscle is represented by the letter D?
semimembranosus biceps femoris
gracilis
semitendinosus
answer
biceps femoris
The biceps femoris is the lateral hamstring.
question
What is the action of the muscle identified by the letter A?
It abducts and medially rotates the thigh and steadies the pelvis. It is an extremely important muscle for walking.
It is a major extensor of the thigh. It laterally rotates and abducts the thigh.
It adducts the thigh and flexes and medially rotates the leg (especially during walking).
The anterior part of this muscle adducts and medially rotates and flexes the thigh, while the posterior part of this muscle is a synergist of the hamstrings to extend the thigh.
answer
It abducts and medially rotates the thigh and steadies the pelvis. It is an extremely important muscle for walking.
This is the action of the gluteus medius muscle.
question
Identify the extensor digitorum longus muscle.
A
B
C
D
answer
C
The extensor digitorum longus is on the anterolateral surface of the leg; it is lateral to the tibialis anterior muscle.
question
Which muscle has a unipennate arrangement of fascicles?
A
B
C
D
answer
C
The extensor digitorum longus inserts into only one side of the tendon, giving it a unipennate arrangement.
question
Which muscle is the prime mover of dorsiflexion?
A
B
C
D
answer
D
The tibialis anterior is the only indicated muscle that is a prime mover of dorsiflexion.
question
Which muscle acts as both a knee (leg) extensor and hip (thigh) flexor?
vastus lateralis
biceps femoris
rectus femoris
gluteus maximus
answer
rectus femoris
The quadriceps femoris (group of four muscles) is a powerful knee extensor. One of the quadriceps, rectus femoris, also acts as a hip flexor.
question
All of the muscles that originate from the medial epicondyle of the humerus have one of two functions. Which of the following pairs is correct?
wrist flexion and forearm pronation
wrist flexion and supination
wrist extension and forearm supination
forearm flexion and wrist flexion
answer
wrist flexion and forearm pronation
All of the muscles that originate from the medial epicondyle of the humerus are involved in either wrist flexion and forearm pronation.
question
The anterior compartment of the thigh is involved in lower leg extension.
True
False
answer
True
The quadriceps group sits in the anterior compartment of the thigh. These muscles extend the lower leg.
question
The major head flexor muscles are the __________.
scalene muscles
trapezius muscles
splenius muscles
sternocleidomastoid muscles
answer
sternocleidomastoid muscles
The sternocleidomastoid muscles flex and laterally rotate the head. Acting alone, each muscle rotates the head toward the shoulder on the opposite side and tilts or laterally flexes the head to the shoulder on the same side.
question
The primary function of the deep muscles of the thorax, such as the intercostals, is to promote __________.
back posture
swallowing
breathing
vomiting
answer
breathing
The deep muscles of the thorax, like the internal and external intercostals and the diaphragm, promote movements necessary for breathing.
question
The muscle that divides the ventral body cavity into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities is the __________.
internal oblique
transversus abdominis
diaphragm
psoas major
answer
diaphragm
The diaphragm subdivides the ventral body cavity into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
question
The main forearm extensor is the __________.
coracobrachialis
triceps brachii
brachilais
biceps brachii
answer
triceps brachii
The main forearm (elbow) extensor is the triceps brachii.
question
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
The hamstrings are fleshy muscles of the posterior thigh.
The hamstrings are prime movers of hip (thigh) flexion and knee (leg) flexion.
The hamstrings cross the hip and knee joints.
The medial hamstrings promote medial knee (leg) rotation.
answer
The hamstrings are prime movers of hip (thigh) flexion and knee (leg) flexion.
The hamstrings are prime movers of hip (thigh) extension, not hip flexion. They are also prime movers of knee (leg) flexion.
question
Which rotator cuff muscle is correctly paired with its action?
infraspinatus; abduction
supraspinatus; lateral rotation
subscapularis; medial rotation
teres minor; adduction
answer
subscapularis; medial rotation
Which rotator cuff muscle is correctly paired with its action?
Which rotator cuff muscle is correctly paired with its action?
infraspinatus; abduction
supraspinatus; lateral rotation
subscapularis; medial rotation
teres minor; adduction
question
Which of the following is INCORRECTLY paired?
pectoralis major; arm abduction
trapezius; scapula rotation
latissimus dorsi; medial arm rotation
deltoid; arm flexion
answer
pectoralis major; arm abduction
The pectoralis major adductions the arm.
question
Which of the following is a hamstring muscle?
vastus lateralis
rectus femoris
biceps femoris
vastus medialis
answer
biceps femoris
The hamstrings are fleshy muscles of the posterior thigh (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus). They cross both the hip and knee joints and are prime movers of thigh extension and knee flexion.
question
Where are the origins of most of the muscles that move the fingers?
the palm of the hand
the wrist
the forearm
the arm
answer
the forearm
Most of the muscles that move the hand originate in the forearm and operate the fingers via their long tendons.
question
Which of the following is NOT a rotator cuff muscle?
teres major
subscapularis
infraspinatus
supraspinatus
answer
teres major
Teres major is not one of the four rotator cuff muscles, which include supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis. Their main function is to reinforce the capsule of the shoulder and rotate the humerus in the glenoid cavity.
question
Which of the following muscles does the phrenic nerve innervate?
the diaphragm
the external intercostals
the sternocleidomastoid muscles
the internal intercostals
answer
the diaphragm
The phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm. The intercostal nerves innervate the intercostal muscles. The sternocleidomastoid muscles are innervated by the accessory nerves.
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