Which of the following correctly describes a graded potential?
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amplitude of various sizes
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Second-order neurons of both the specific and nonspecific ascending pathways terminate in the ________.
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thalamus
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Spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the ________.
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sacral plexus
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Place the meninges and associated spaces in order from most superficial to deepest: 1 subarachnoid space, 2 pia mater, 3 arachnoid mater, 4 epidural space, 5 dura mater, 6 subdural space.
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4, 5, 6, 3, 1, 2
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The arbor vitae refers to ________.
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cerebellar white matter
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At a chemical synapse
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two cells are in direct contact and communicate using gap junctions.
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Neural tracts that convey life-saving information to the brain concerning burning pain would be ________.
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lateral spinothalamic
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Which of the following is NOT part of a reflex arc?
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infarent transmission corpuscle
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Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________.
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ganglia
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Tremor at rest, shuffling gait, stooped posture, and expressionless face are characteristics of ________.
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Parkinson's disease
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Graded potentials
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occur when ions move across a membrane in dendrites/the soma and cause a minor change in the resting membrane potential.
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Bipolar neurons are commonly ________.
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found in the retina of the eye.
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Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________.
involuntary, yet may be modified by learned behavior.
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Which of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP. is being generated on the dendritic membrane?
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A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium.
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The term central nervous system refers to the ________.
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brain and spinal cord.
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White matter is found in all of the following locations except the ________.
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cerebral cortex.
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Which of the following is true about the movement of ions across excitable living membranes?
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Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes.
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Which of the following is an incorrect statement regarding the occurrence of a sensation? called a transduction potential.
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The stimulus energy must be converted into the energy of a graded potential.
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In order for a neuron to regenerate,
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it must be in the peripheral nervous system.
the cell body must remain intact.
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Which of these would you not find in the cerebral cortex?
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fiber tracts
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Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________.
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the myelin sheath
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Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle?
answer
acetylcholine
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Potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain are selectively detected by ________.
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nociceptors
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What is the role of acetylcholinesterase?
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destroy ACh a brief period after its release by the axon endings.
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Nerve cell adhesion molecules (N-CAMs. ________.
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are crucial for the development of neural connections.
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Which of the following is not a function of astrocytes?
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provide the defense for the CNS
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A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________.
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the membrane potential has been reestablished
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Each of the following is an amino acid that functions as a neurotransmitter EXCEPT:
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enkephalin.
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The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?
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arachnoid and pia
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Which neuroglia cells produce myelin?
answer
oligodendrocytes & Schwann cells
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When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a(n. ________.
answer
generator potential
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Place the events involved in generating an action potential in the order in which they occur" 1- K+ moves out of the cell; 2- voltage gated Na+ channels open;3- Excess K+ leaves cell causing hyperpolarization; 4 -Na+ enters cell and voltage becomes less negative; 5- K+ channels close; 6- threshold stimulus arrives; 7- Leakage channels and Na/K ATPase restore resting membrane potential; 8- Na+ channels are inactivated and voltage gated K+ channels open.
answer
6, 2, 4, 8, 3, 1, 5, 7
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Regeneration within the CNS ________.
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is prevented due to growth-inhibiting proteins of oligodendrocytes.
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Which of the following is not characteristic of neurons?
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They are mitotic.
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Which of the following describes the excitatory postsynaptic potential?
answer
short distance depolarization
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Which of the following is not a function of the autonomic nervous system?
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innervation of skeletal muscle
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If the caudal portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly the ________.
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spinal cord may be affected.
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In what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (nonconducting. neuron differ from the external environment? The interior is ________.
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negatively charged and contains less sodium.
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Which of the following is not a function of the CSF?
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initiation of some nerve impulses
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A reflex that causes muscle relaxation and lengthening in response to muscle tension is called a ________.
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tendon reflex
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Which of the following is not a main level of neural integration in the somatosensory system?
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segmental.
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An impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell via the ________.
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synapse.
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Axons classified as A fibers
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are myelinated. & have large diameters. & conduct impulses more rapidly than B or C fibers.
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If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, what would be the result in the tissue or region that nerve supplies?
answer
a complete loss of voluntary movement.
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Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are ________.
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afferent nerves
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The substance released at axon terminals to propagate a nervous impulse is called a(n. ________.
answer
neurotransmitter.
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Select the statement that is most correct.
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Ganglia associated with afferent nerve fibers contain cell bodies of sensory neurons.
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What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus?
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frequency of action potentials
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Which of the following correctly describes a function of the nervous system?
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A. sensory: detect changes in the environment; relays information to the brain and spinal cord.
B. integrative : process and make decisions regarding sensory input; responsible for perception
C. motor: response system; causes muscles to contract or glands to empty.
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The somatic nervous system
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rovides motor signals and conscious control to skeletal muscles.
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An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP. is associated with ________.
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hyperpolarization
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The peripheral nervous system
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may be divided into somatic, autonomic and enteric nervous systems.
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Which of the following is NOT true?
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Most neurons have many axons and one dendrite.
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After axonal injury, regeneration in peripheral nerves is guided by ________.
answer
Schwann cells
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Which of the following is not true of graded potentials?
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They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point.
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Which of the following is the correct simple spinal reflex arc?
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receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector
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Each is part of the nervous system EXCEPT the:
answer
Vertebral Column
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Which of the following would you not find in normal cerebrospinal fluid?
answer
Red Blood Cells
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Action potentials
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allow an impulse to travel over long distances.
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Electrical synapses.
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A. occur when there is direct contact between electrically excitable cells.
B. allow rapid communication between cells.
C. allow synchronization of cellular activities.
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The part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from its cell body is called a(n. ________.
answer
Dendrite
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Which of the following is true of nerve impulse conduction?
answer
Continuous conduction is slower than salutatory conduction.
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In order for a neuron to regenerate
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A. it must be in the peripheral nervous system.
B. the cell body must remain intact.
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Neuroglia (glial cells)
answer
A. comprise about one-half of the tissue in the CNS.
B. retain mitotic potential (can divide) but do not conduct nerve impulses.
C. support and protect neurons.
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Neuroglia that control the chemical environment around neurons by buffering potassium and recapturing neurotransmitters are ________.
answer
astrocytes
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Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which cellular gates open?
answer
Potassium
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Select the correct statement regarding synapses.
answer
The synaptic cleft prevents an impulse from being transmitted directly from one neuron to another.
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Which of the following is false or incorrect?
answer
A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal.
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