20.3 "The Great Society"

vice president under Kennedy, he became president upon the assassination of Kennedy and pushed through Congress some of the most ambitious domestic legislation since FDR

A law, enacted in 1964, that provided funds for youth programs, antipoverty measures, small-business loans, and job training

President Lyndon B Johnson's program to reduce poverty and racial injustice and to promote a better quality of life in the United States

A federal program, established in 1965, that provides hospital insurance and low-cost medical insurance to Americans 65+

A law that increased the number of immigrants allowed to settle in the United States

The Supreme Court during the period when Earl Warren was Chief Justice, noted for its activism in the areas of civil rights and free speech

The redrawing of election districts to reflect changes in population

A program, established in 1965, that provides health insurance for people on welfare

a federal program that trained young people from poor backgrounds

Volunteers in Service to America—often called the "domestic Peace Corps."

the Economic Opportunity Act

FDR

a voting rights measure that was the first civil rights legislation since Reconstruction

to pass the civil rights and tax-cut bills that Kennedy had sent to Capitol Hill

it spurred economic growth. People spent more, which meant profits for businesses, which increased tax revenues and lowered the federal budget deficit

it prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, and sex and granted the federal government new powers to enforce its provisions

• the Job Corps Youth Training Program • VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America) • Project Head Start, an education program for underprivileged preschoolers • the Community Action Program, which encouraged poor people to participate in public works programs

he suggested that he might use nuclear weapons on Cuba and North Vietnam

where Goldwater advocated intervention in Vietnam, Johnson assured the American people that sending U.S. troops there "would offer no solution at all to the real problem of Vietnam." Johnson later became known as a "war hawk" because he sent troops to Vietnam and escalated the conflict

1) poverty 2) urban renewal 3) education 4) civil rights 5) he environment 6) consumer protection

it provided more than $1 billion in federal aid to help public and parochial schools purchase textbooks and new library materials becoming one of the earliest federal aid packages for education in the nation's history

Johnson had earned a teaching degree in 1930 and taught in the Houston public schools. so he knew first hand the importance of educating the youth of America

Medicare and Medicaid

1) appropriating money to build low-rent public housing and helping low- and moderate-income families pay for better private housing; 2) establishing the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD); 3) appointing Robert Weaver, the first African-American cabinet member in American history, as Secretary of HUD

it shifted the nation's political power from rural to urban areas

they had established immigration quotas that discriminated strongly against people from outside Western Europe; they discriminated against southern and eastern Europeans and barred Asians completely

a 1962 book by Rachel Carson that exposed the hidden danger: of the effects of pesticides on the environment. Carson's book and the public's outcry resulted in the Water Quality Act of 1965

it required states to clean up rivers

the environmental movement in the US

they convinced Congress to pass major safety laws, including a truth-in-packaging law that set standards for labeling consumer goods and the Wholesome Meat Act of 1967

a young lawyer, wrote a book, "Unsafe at Any Speed", that sharply criticized the U.S. automobile industry for ignoring safety concerns. His testimony helped persuade Congress to establish safety standards for automobiles and tires.

it ruled school segregation unconstitutional

1) banned prayer in public schools and declared state-required loyalty oaths unconstitutional 2) limited the power ofcommunities to censor books and films and said that free speech included the wearing of black armbands to school by antiwar students 3) brought about change in federal and state reapportionment and the criminal justice system.

1) Baker v. Carr (1962) was the first of several decisions that established the principle of "one person, one vote." 2) Reynolds v. Sims (1964), it extended the principle of "one person, one vote" to state legislative districts. 3) the Court asserted that the federal courts had the right to tell states to reapportion—redivide—their districts for more equal representation. 4) the Court ruled that congressional district boundaries should be redrawn so that districts would be equal in population

the decisions led to a shift of political power throughout the nation from rural to urban areas

1) Mapp v. Ohio (1961), the Court ruled that evidence seized illegally could not be used in state courts. This is called the exclusionary rule. 2) Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), the justices required criminal courts to provide free legal counsel to those who could not afford it. 3) Escobedo v. Illinois (1964), the justices ruled that an accused person has a right to have a lawyer present during police questioning. 4) Miranda v. Arizona (1966), the Court ruled that all suspects must be read their rights before questioning

Liberals praised the decisions, arguing that they placed necessary limits on police power and protected the right of all citizens to a fair trial. Conservatives bitterly criticized the Court, claiming that Mapp and Miranda benefited criminal suspects and severely limited the power of the police to investigate crimes

it bettered the lives of millions of Americans by giving them many of the protections and safety nets needed to improve life

it created"big government": an oversized bureaucracy, too many regulations, waste and fraud, and rising budget deficits it also created a culture of dependency

it reduced the number of people living in poverty and it spurred the economy, however it contributed to a growing budget deficit and left many disillusioned about the responsibility of the federal government

Ronald Reagan

Housing and Urban Development

the first African-American cabinet member in US history (Secretary of Housing and Urban Development)

Environmental Protection Agency

education