Unit 3 Sustainability

6 October 2022
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question
Which city on the graph has both low to medium density (between 10 and 30 persons per hectare) and low carbon emissions?
answer
Copenhagen
question
Describe the relationship between carbon emissions and urban density as shown on the graph.
answer
As urban density increases, per capita carbon emissions decrease.
question
Compare the population densities of the most and least dense cities on the graph. What is the population ratio of the most- to least-dense cities?
answer
7:1
question
Calculate the average population density of the cities on the graph. Does the city that has average population density also have average carbon emissions? Calculate the average population density of the cities on the graph. Does the city that has average population density also have average carbon emissions?
answer
No, carbon emissions are actually lower than average in the city with average density.
question
You work for the city planning agency in Houston and successfully pass ordinances designed to double population density. Based on the graph, predict the approximate change in carbon emissions.
answer
50% decline
question
What information is provided on the x-axis?
answer
area per person, in square meters
question
What do the orange dots represent?
answer
European cities
question
In which nation or region do cities have the highest degree of urban sprawl?
answer
United States
question
In which city do individuals have the highest rate of gasoline consumption?
answer
Houston
question
How do the rates of land use and gasoline consumption in Australian cities compare with those in U.S. cities?
answer
At any level of per capita land consumption, people in U.S. cities use more gasoline than those in Australian cities.
question
Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? The amount of gasoline used by each person generally decreases as per capita land consumption increases.
answer
not supported
question
Which of the following statements is supported by the graph?
answer
As urban sprawl increases, automobile use also increases.
question
The water reuse system on the campus of Georgia Southern University __________.
answer
conserves water by using treated city wastewater instead of city tap water for irrigation
question
The bioenergy garden at Georgia Southern University is used to show plants that can be used __________.
answer
as biofuels that will not add any extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
question
LEED standards in the construction of new buildings establishes criteria that __________.
answer
conserve energy and water and improve indoor air quality
question
One common way to increase the sustainability of a food system is to buy and consume __________.
answer
foods that are grown locally
question
What environmental problem is being addressed by the use of bio swales, large vegetated ditches or depressions, on the campus of Georgia Southern University?
answer
the pollution of streams by oily runoff water from parking lots
question
What information is provided on the x-axis?
answer
percent change in a country's gross domestic product divided by the number of people in that country
question
What information is provided on the y-axis?
answer
index of life satisfaction, according to a numeric scale
question
Find the dot that represents the country with the greatest increase in per capita GDP. What is the index of life satisfaction for people in that country?
answer
-0.010
question
Find the left-most dot representing a country where people had the highest index of life satisfaction. How did the GDP in that country change in recent years?
answer
per capita GDP decreased by about 0.5%
question
Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? Overall life satisfaction increases as a country's wealth increases (as indicated by per capita GDP).
answer
not supported
question
Is the following statement supported or not supported by the data shown in the graph? Improving the average wealth of people in very poor countries would not improve their overall life satisfaction.
answer
cannot be determined from the graph
question
It has been demonstrated that ectotherms (such as insects and reptiles) in warm climates tolerate higher temperatures than ectotherms in cooler climates. Angilletta hypothesized that urban heat islands could lead to similar differences in heat tolerance between urban and rural populations of leaf-cutter ants. He predicted that ants in urban areas would tolerate heat better than ants in nearby rural areas. Select the two best experimental designs for comparing the thermal tolerance of ants in urban areas to ants in nearby rural areas.
answer
Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species as a function of the distance they live from a city center. Measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species from a city center and from a rural area in the same region.
question
Angilletta chose to measure the heat tolerance of many ants of the same species from several locations in and around São Paulo. Ants were gathered from four urban locations and five rural locations, as indicated in the satellite image below. Sites 1-4 are urban, and sites 5-9 are rural. The ants from the different locations were then placed in a chamber at 42°C. Angilletta recorded the percent of ants moving every minute until all ants stopped moving. (An ant that has stopped moving is dead.) Ants that survive longer at that high temperature have a higher heat tolerance. The following graphs are possible results from Angilletta's experiment. Match each description with the appropriate graph.
answer
graph 1: urban more than rural graph 2: urban slightly more than rural graph 3: urban slightly less than rural graph 4: urban less than rural graph 5: little to no difference graph 6: flaw
question
The results from Angilletta's observational experiment show that urban ant populations have higher heat tolerance than rural ant populations. A reasonable explanation for this difference is that urban ants evolved higher heat tolerance over generations as individuals with lower heat tolerance died and failed to reproduce. In the urban heat island of a city, natural selection favors organisms with higher heat tolerance. Suppose you want to run a manipulative experiment to try to replicate that evolutionary process. You decide to take ants from rural populations and relocate them to several city locations. Then for the next 50 years, you measure the heat tolerance of the transplanted populations every 5 years. You predict that the thermal tolerance of the transplanted populations will increase over time. The following graphs are possible results from your experiment. Drag the blue labels to match each description with the appropriate graph. Drag the pink labels to indicate how well each graph supports the hypothesis that natural selection results in urban ant populations with greater heat tolerance.
answer
1. more; strongly 2. slightly more; weakly 3. no change; not 4. less; not
question
The graph shows the different trends in population growth in less developed regions of the world versus more developed regions of the world. Solid lines in the graph indicate past data, and dashed lines indicate future projections. (Projections of data are based on models, simulations, or extrapolations from past data.) According to the projected data, after what year will the majority of people in less developed regions be living in urban areas?
answer
2018
question
Which of the following statements are supported by the graph? Select all that apply.
answer
in 1950, urban populations is more developed regions and less developed regions were almost equal in 2050, rural populations in less developed regions are projected to drop below 3 billion rural populations are projected to drop in both more developed and less developed regions in 2050, urban populations in less developed regions are projected to reach 5 billion