U Of A 182 - Mine

Features that make an organism better suited to live and reproduce in their environment are ______________________. Adaptations Homologies Coevolution Analogies

Why might have early amphibious tetrapods (four-limbed vertebrates) moved out of the water and onto land? Because they needed to escape drying ponds/lakes There are no transitional fossils of this event, thus it is invalid Because the dinosaurs went extinct Because they needed to reproduce

Which word best describes the true phylogeny of birds and dinosaurs? Diphyletic Polyphyletic Monophyletic Paraphyletic

Characteristics such as an angled femur, wide pelvis, and larger posterior thigh muscles aid in which type of locomotion? Bipedalism Arboreal quadrupedalism Terrestrial quadrupedalism

The relationship between the rough-skinned newt and common garter snake is a wonderful example of ___________________________ because each organism evolved, in response, to changes in one another. Mimicry Ancestry Convergence Uniformitarianism Coevolution

Which of the following is not a limitation of the fossil record? Habitat bias Temporal bias Abundance bias Tissue bias All of these biases are limitations **

Movement of genes from one population to another is called? Question options: Gene flow Genetic drift Allopatric speciation Founder effect

Genetic evidence suggests that the first domestication event occurred approximately 15,000yrs ago. Which domestic animal is this data referring to? Question options: Dogs Chickens Maze Cattle

Mammals and dinosaurs coexisted. Question options: True Mammals evolved after dinosaurs went extinct No transitional fossils show evidence of this

There is only one single biological species concept that is used to define all species on planet earth. Question options: True False

Which of the following was a major factor in the diversification of mammals? Question options: Evolution of pollination Evolution of gymnosperms Evolution of flowering plants Evolution of seed dispersal

Flight has independently evolved 4 times (insects, birds, pterosaurs, and mammals) in the history of life on earth. What is flight an example of? Question options: Mimicry Coevolution Convergent evolution Natural selection

Allopatric speciation is when gene flow is interrupted by _______________ ______________ of populations, thus leading to differentiation. Question options: Physical separation Sympatric separation Phenological separation Systematic separation

During the Pleistocene (2-0.1million yrs ago), a time of 5 major ice ages, most mammals over 44kg (100lbs) went extinct. There are several hypotheses that try to explain this phenomenon. Which combination is most likely? Question options: Continental drift and mountain building Human hunting and climate change Land bridge development and genetic isolation

Which genes control the development of major body sections in the animal kingdom? Question options: Allelic genes Fakeus genes Isometric genes Hox genes

______________ ______________ is a factor that determines the rate of growth of a population. (choose single best answer) Question options: Carrying capacity Static life History variation Life history

What causes seasonal variations in climate on planet Earth? Question options: The elliptical nature of Earth's orbit Ocean currents The tilt of Earth Coriolis effect Atmospheric weather conditions

Which of the following is a characteristic of R-selected individuals? Question options: Slow development Many, small offspring Few, large offspring Late reproduction

Which Domain comprises of organisms with cells that contain true nuclei? Question options: Eukarya Archaea Bacteria Plachaea None of the above

A mountain lion (Puma concolor) is an example of what? Question options: r-selected species k-selected species Neither

Microclimates are climatic variations within a ____________ area in a _________ amount of time. Question options: Global, long Global, short Small, long Small, short

Ecology is the study of relationships between organisms and their _____________________. Question options: Physiology Adaptations Environment Evolution

Green algae are the evolutionary precursors to the land plants. Early forms are unicellular and there is evidence in colonial organisms that show how _______________ may have arisen from _______________. Question options: Multicellularity, Unicellularity Unicellularity, Multicellularity Microevolution, Macroevolution Macroevolution, microevolution

Decomposition of organic matter is an important process in many ecosystems. Of the following, which is not an important decomposer? Question options: Bacteria Fungi Invertebrates Members of all of these groups are important components of decomposition

Thermoregulation represents a _________________ between heat production and heat loss. Question options: Balance Imbalance Instability Deregulation

Endothermy is energetically expensive, but it is beneficial to some organisms. What is one benefit of endothermy? Question options: The ability to remain inactivate in inhabitable environmental conditions The ability to bask in the morning sun The ability to remain activate in a variety of environmental conditions High food requirements

Small desert dwelling mammals optimize survival by avoiding extreme temperatures. One strategy is by staying in burrows or crevices below ground during the heat of the day. What is this an example of? Question options: Physiological thermoregulation Genetic thermoregulation Behavioral thermoregulation Morphological thermoregulation

In a standard metabolic response curve, the thermoneutral zone (TNZ) is a range of ambient temperatures where endothermic animals do what? Question options: They must generate heat to replace lost heat They do not have to dump or generate heat They have to actively dump heat

Let's say there are three hypothetical phylogenetic trees for the phylogeny of humans, dogs, and lizards. One tree assumes there are 10 mutations, the other tree assumes there are 12 mutations, and the last tree assumes there are only 9 mutations. Given this information, how would you determine which tree is most parsimonious? Question options: The tree with the least number of steps is most likely the correct tree None of these trees are more or less parsimonious than the next Of competing hypotheses, the one with the most assumptions is correct

Which organisms get their principal source of body heat from the environment? Question options: Endotherm Ectotherm Vertebrates Invertebrates

All animals share a single common ancestor (an ancestral "protist"). Which of the following are the closest living relatives of all animals? Question options: Calcarea Choanoflagellates Bilateria Silicea Eumetazoa

Which of the following is the second largest animal phylum in the world? Question options: Calcarea Mollusca Arthropoda Nematoda Annelida

Which of the following is not a major trait found in arthropods? Question options: Cuticle Jointed appendages Chitin in exoskeleton Nidoblast morphology

During embryonic development, some organisms develop a mouth (first) from a blastopore. What is the term used to define these organisms? Question options: Deuterostome Protostome Batesian Mullerian None of the above

Which of the following is derived characteristic of Platyhelminthes (e.g. flat worms)? Question options: Three embryonic cell layers Lophophore Spiral cleavage Segmented body plan None of the above

Animals with 3 germ layers are considered triploblastic organisms. Which was the last germ layer to evolve in triploblastic animals? Question options: Endoderm Ectoderm Mesoderm Echinoderm

Seedless vascular plants began to diversify during the Devonian and Carboniferous (400-500mya). Competition for space and sunlight led to increased ________________ for these types of plants. Question options: Height Space Reproduction Width

Protozoans that feed exclusively on other organisms are called what? Question options: Autotrophs Heterotrophs Mixotrophs

Butterflies develop in three stages: larval stage, pupa, and adult stage. What type of metamorphosis is this? Question options: Hemitropic Ametabolous Holotropic Holometabolous Hemimetabolous

The following characteristics are found in which phylum? Diploblastic, radial symmetry, two growth forms, nematocyts, and nerve nets Question options: Choanoflagellates Lophotrochozoa Cnidaria Calcarea Silicea

Insects became very diverse during the Cretaceous, before this period their diversity was somewhat limited to the super group Paleoptera (Odonata: dragonflies, ect.). What factor caused the immense diversification of insects? Question options: Diversification of gymnosperms Evolution of small mammal-like reptiles Abundant oxygen in the atmosphere Diversification of angiosperms

What is the common name of the group of animals that contains more species than any other group, constituting almost 25% of all known animal life-forms (~400,000 species)? Question options: Flies Moths and butterflies Beetles Ants Wasps

Which group consists of over 1 million species and amounts to ~75% of all known animals? Question options: Annelida Mollusca Calcarea Nematoda Arthropoda

____________________ mimicry is when a species that is not poisonous, or dangerous, has evolved the same coloration and morphology as a poisonous species. Question options: Holometabolic Ametabolic Mullerian Batesian Hemimetabolic

What type of symmetry would you expect of a spider? Question options: Radio Alateral Radial Bilateral

This group of mammals are primarily distinguished from other mammals in that the fetus is carried in the uterus of its mother until the live birth of a fully developed offspring occurs. Question options: Marsupials Monotremes Placentals Prototheria Metatheria

Amphibians have skin that is no longer reinforced by scales that fish have. How is this an important adaptation for their lifestyles? Question options: It can allow for mineral uptake It can allow for gas exchange It is the only way they can breathe It allows them to uptake water None of the above

Why is Tiktaalik an important transitionary fossil? Question options: Because it was one of the first tetrapods Because it was the first organism with digits Because it is an organism with a fin that has a wrist All of the above

Which of the following is the most parsimonious reason that feathers first evolved? Question options: Insulation Tree jumping Gliding Flight All of the above

Which of the following characteristics is not unique to the phylum Chordata? Question options: Drosal hollow nerve cord Endostyle Notocord Postanal tail Pharyngeal gill slits

Regardless of which theory is most parsimonious (Serial or Composite) for the mechanism of vertebrate jaw evolution, there is irrefutable evidence that jaws arose from which of the following? Question options: Lampreys Coccyx tubules Hagfish Vertebrae Gill arches

All tetrapods share ancestral ____________________ fish as a common ancestor. Question options: Neopterygii Chondrosteans Chondrichthyes Sarcopterygii Actinopterygii

The amniotes are a monophyletic clade that arose ~300million years ago. Which of the following is an adaptation of the amniotic egg? Question options: Increased ability for gas exchange Membranes provide barriers to reduce dehydration Yolk sac provides nutrients to developing embryo All of the above

During embryonic development, the dorsal hollow nerve cord forms from an invagination of the _________________, whereas the notochord pinches off from the _______________ and remains solid. Question options: Mesoderm, ectoderm Endoderm, mesoderm Ectoderm, mesoderm Mesoderm, endoderm

This group of mammals have been diverging from all other kinds of mammals for ~190 million years and are typified by laying eggs rather than bearing live young. Question options: Monotremes Marsupials Eutherian Placentals Metatheria

Flight is the most energetically "expensive" mode of locomotion. What adaptations would you expect of a vertebrate that is capable of powered flight? Question options: Light weight Aerodynamic body Reduction of unnecessary structures Powerful/specialized flight muscles and a keeled sternum All of the above

What process lead to the evolution of the three-inner ear ossicles in mammalian ears? Question options: Increased hearing in mammals The expansion of the dentary bone in the jaw The maximization of output jaw articulatization The articulation of different bones in a reptilian jaw The dentary-angular articulation in the jaw

Mammalian herbivores typically have well-developed _______________ muscles that allow for side-to-side movement of the jaw, whereas carnivores have pronounced _______________ muscles that allow for strong bite force and gripping. Question options: Pectoralis, supracoracoideus Supracoracoideus, pectoralis Temporalis, masseter Masseter, temporalis None of these

Vertebrates that fly use two sets of muscles to control the wing. The _____________ attaches to the underside of the humerus and simply pulls the wing down, whereas the _____________ attaches to the top of the humerus via a tendon that runs over the scapula. Question options: Keel, sternum Supracoracoideus, pectoralis Sternum, keel Pectoralis, supracoracoideus

During embryonic development, some organisms first develop an anus (first) from a blastopore. What is the term used to define these organisms? Question options: Deuterostome Protostome None of the above

Which type of locomotion consists of running, walking, and hopping? Question options: Cursorial Arboreal Aerial Fossorial None of the above

What is it called when herbivores, like rabbits, prevent loss of cecal digestive nutrients by reingesting feces? Question options: Microphagy Miremcophagy Coprophagy Pellet opportunists None of the above

Energy demands of locomotion can be reduced through the use of elastic, energy saving structures. What are those structures called? Question options: Muscles Myosin Tendons Actin Filaments

Some small mammals rely on seeds not only for food but also as a source of water. What are seed eaters called? Question options: Frugivores Granivores Ruminants Folivores Cecants

When a vertebrate muscle is stimulated to contract, the _____________ heads bend and attach to ________________ filaments. Question options: Loitus, squamosal Myosin, actin Labrin, cabrin

Sanguinivory is a rare feeding specialization found some species of bats. What adaptations do they have to aid in this feeding style? Question options: Wings that are highly adapted for walking Heat detectors Sharp incisors for slicing Saliva with anticoagulant All of the above

The type of signal an animal uses is a function of the physical and chemical constraints of the environment where it lives. Question options: True False

At the ends of the neuron are the synaptic terminals. What diffuses across the cleft and binds to receptors on the next nerve or muscle cell? Question options: Signal membranes Dendrites Signal triggers Neurotransmitters

What type of body form would you expect a fossorial animal to have? Question options: Short limbs Stocky bodies Reduced structures (like pinnae) Large claws All of the above

Carnivores have large _________________ teeth and a pair of _________________ teeth that aid in shearing meat and crushing bone. Question options: Incisor, molar Premolar, incisor Incisor, canine Canine, carnassial

What is the action on the part of one organism that alters the probability of occurrence of behavior patterns in another? Question options: Alteration Pelazation Communication

Which of the following is the force that is perpendicular to oncoming airflow of a flying animal? Question options: Thrust Lift Drag Gravity All of the above

When a muscle is stimulated to contract, the "heads" of a protein called ___________ bend and attach to ___________ filaments. These proteins act as a ratcheting mechanism to pull the filaments closer together. Once the muscle relaxes, the "heads" simply let go and the filaments return to their original place. Question options: Fibronectin, spondin Spondin, fibronectin Actin, myosin Myosin, actin None of the above

Some ground squirrels in North America display behaviors to communicate with one another, such as tail flagging. Based on this behavior, what occurrences would you expect during their evolutionary history? Question options: No difference Snakes uncommon during evolution Snakes common during evolution

What are herbivorous mammals called when they have highly evolved stomachs with multiple chambers (fore-gut digesting)? Question options: Ruminants Cecal fermenters Diastemic fermenters Cecants None of the above