Stat2

A sample in which the subjects themselves decide whether to be included in the study.

1. Sampling method 2. Context of the data 3. Source of the data

The likelihood of getting these results by chance is very small.

If we are collecting sample data for a study, the _ that we choose can greatly influence the validity of our conclusions. For example, we can use sound statistical methods to analyze data in voluntary response samples, but the results are not necessarily valid.

A parameter is a numerical measurement of a population; a statistic is a numerical measurement of a sample.

Data that were obtained from an entire population.

People with special interests are more likely to respond, so the sample is likely to be biased.

To learn to distinguish between statistical conclusions that are likely to be valid and those that are seriously flawed.

A survey in which the sponsor can enjoy monetary or other gains from the results.

With a random sample, each individual has the same chance of being selected. With a simple random sample, all samples of the same size have the same chance of being selected.

Cluster

Stratified

_is used when subjects are assigned to different groups through a process of random selection.

Simple random sample

Variation

_are sample values that lie very far away from the majority of the other sample values.

A frequency distribution helps us understand the nature of the distribution of a data set.

subtracting a lower class limit from the next consecutive lower class limit

In a relative frequency distribution, the frequency of a class is replaced with a proportion or percent.

The heights of the bars of a histogram correspond to frequency values.

The bars in a histogram touch.

A histogram aids in analyzing the _ of the data.

A _ histogram has the same shape and horizontal scale as a histogram but the vertical scale is marked with relative frequencies instead of actual frequency.

A(n)_distribution has a "bell" shape.

A dotplot allows you to identify the original data values.

A(n)_uses line segments to connect points located directly above class midpoint values.

A_is a graph of each data value plotted as a point.

We utilize statistical _ to look for features that reveal some useful or interesting characteristics of the data set.

A _ is a plot of paired data (x,y) and is helpful in determining whether there is a relationship between the two variables.

In a graph, if one or both axes begin at some value other than zero, the differences are exaggerated. This bad graphing method is known as _

When drawings of objects are used to depict data, false impressions can be made. These drawings are called _

Using a two-dimensional object to represent data that are one-dimensional in nature.

So that we can critically analyze a graph to determine whether it is misleading.

Methods used that summarize or describe characteristics of data are called _ statistics.

A value at the center or middle of a data set is a(n) _

The measure of center that is the value that occurs with the greatest frequency is the _

The measure of variation that is very sensitive to extreme values

The Range Rule of Thumb roughly estimates the standard deviation of a data set as _

For data sets having a distribution that is approximately bell-shaped, _ states that about 68% of all data values fall within one standard deviation from the mean.

The square of the standard deviation is called the_

When a data value is converted to a standardized scale representing the number of standard deviations the data value lies from the mean, we call the new value a _

A data value is considered _ if its z-score is less than -2 or greater than 2

Whenever a data value is less than the mean, _

In modified boxplots, a data value is a(n) outlier if it is above Q3+(1.5)(IQR) or below Q1-(1.5)(IQR).

The _ for a procedure consists of all possible simple events or all outcomes that cannot be broken down any further.

The classical approach to probability requires that the outcomes are _

As a procedure is repeated again and again, the relative frequency of an event tends to approach the actual probability. This is known as _

The _ event A occurring are the ratio P(A)/(P(A-)

When using the _ always be careful to avoid double-counting outcomes.

Events that are _ cannot occur at the same time

P(A) + P(A-) = 1 is one way to express the _

the probability that in a single trial, event A occurs, event B occurs, or they both occur.

A _ is any event combining two or more simple events.

The probability of event B occurring, given that event A has already occurred.

A picture of line segments branching out from one starting point illustrating the possible outcomes of a procedure is called a _

Two events A and B are _ if the occurrence of one does not affect the probability of the occurrence of the other.

Selections made with replacement are considered to be _

"At least one" is equivalent to_

The complement of "at least one" is _

A conditional probability of an event is a probability obtained with knowledge that some other event has already occurred.

Confusion of the inverse occurs when we incorrectly believe _

The conditional probability of B given A can be found by _