Public Speaking Ch. 1

Empowerment, Employment,

Public Speaking is planned

The Roles of Public Speakers and audiences are clearly defined

Plan you speech, focus and vocalize your thoughts, Adapt your speaking to your listeners, Use standard english vocabulary and grammar, use more formal nonverbal communication

Source, Message, Channels, Receiver, Noise

A public speaker is a source of information and ideas for an audience. The job of the source or speaker is to encode, or translate, the ideas and images in his or her mind into verbal or nonverbal symbols a code that an audience can recognize.

The message in public speaking is the speech itself both what is said and how it is said.

A message is usually transmitted from sender to receiver via two channels visual and auditory

The receiver of the message is the individual audience member, whose decoding of the message will depend on his or her own particular blend of past experiences, attitudes, beliefs, and values

External, Internal Anything that interferes with the communication of a message is called noise

If your 8 a. m. public speaking class is frequently interrupted by the roar of a lawn mower running back and forth under the window, it may be difficult to concentrate on what you instructor is saying.

It may stem from either physiological or psychological causes and may directly affect either the source or the receiver

Feedback, Context

But public speaking speaking is still interactive. Without an audience to hear and provide feedback, public speaking serves little purpose.

The context of a public speaking experience is the environment or situation in which the speech occurs.

The speaker is the source of information, message is the speech, the message is transmitted through visual and auditory channels, the receiver decodes the message, noise interferes with the message

Is another term term for the use of words and symbols to achieve a goal

Instead, they practiced the art of declamation the delivery of an already famous address

The expression of emotion through posture, movement, gestures, facial expression, and voice.

Greek rhetoric flourishes age of aristotle

European clergy are the primary practioners of public speaking

American patriots make impassioned public pleas for independence

statesmen debat states rights abolitionists and suffragists speak out for change frontier lecture circuits fourish

Electronic media allow speakers to reach vast audiences

A new era of speechmaking begins, using rapidly evolving technology and media, but drrawing on a rich heritage of providing information, influencing thought and action, entertaining, and paying tribute via the spoken word

A Unifying Principle

is the most important element in the communication process

Anxiety can be useful

Don't Procrastinate Preparing you speech, know your audience

Be prepared, Develop an deliver a well organized speech, know your introduction and your conclustion, Recreate the speech environment when you practice, Use deep breathing techniques

Visualize you sucess

Focus on your message rather than your fear

After your speech, focus on your accomplishment, not you anxiety

Consider your Audience

Who is the audience

What is the occasion

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a concise statemant indicating what you want your listeners to be able to do, remember, or feel when you finish your speech.

identifies the essence of your message

Effective speakers are good thinkers, they say something. they know how to play with words and thoughts to develop their main ideas

The ancient romans called this skill invention the ability to develop or discover ideas that result in new insights or new approaches to old problems.

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These center around one main concern: In a country in which free speech is protected by law, the right to speak freely must be balanced by the responsibility to speak eethically

in 1989, the supreme court defended the burning of the u. s. flag as a speech act protected by the first amendment

Be Sensitive to and Tolerant of Differences, Be Honest

Copying others work

lacing a speech with compelling phrases you find in a source that you do not credit

Take careful notes, cite sources correctly

can be integrated more smoothly into a speech

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Select, Attend, Understand, Remember

To select a sound is to single out a message from several competing messages

To attend to a sound is to focus on it.

To understand something, people assign meaning to the information that comes their way

To remember is to recall ideas and information

Information overload, we hear so much information that we get tired of listening

Your own thoughts are among the biggest competitors for your attention when you are a member of an audience

Fluorescent light is flickering overhead

Your buddy is a staunch Democrat, He rarely credits a republican with any useful ideas.

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Eventually, you stop listening, Your extra time allow you to day dream and drift from the message

Fearful of listening to information

Listen with your Eyes as well as you ears, accurately interpret nonverbal messages, adapt to the speaker's Delivery

Monitor your emotional reaction to a message Avoid jumping to conclustions Be a selfish listener

Identify your listening goal, listening for pleasure, listening to Empathize, Listening to Evaluate, listening for information, listen for major ideas, listening to evaluate, listening for information, listen for major ideas, Practice listening,

Understand your listening style, there are at least four different listening styles preferred ways of making sense out of spoken messages

You're a people oriented listener if you are comfortable listening to people express feelings and emotions

If you like information tat is well organized, brief, and accurate but don't like long stories or disgressions from the main ideas, youre likely an action oriented listener

Content oriented listeners prefer to listen to complex information that is laced with facts and details

You're a time oriented listener if you like your messages delivered succinctly

Resort Rephrase Repeat

The process of listening to evaluate the quality, appropriateness, value, or iimportance of the information you hear

a mental process of making judgments about the conclustions presented in what you see, hear, and read

Information that has been proven true by direct observation

a conclustion based on partial information or an evaluation hat has not been directly observed

Consists of the facts, examples, opinions, and statistics that a speaker uses to support a conclusion

is a formal system of rules applied to reach a rational conclustion

The process of drawing a conclusion from evidence within the logical framework of the arguments

The process of using a method or standards to evaluate the effectiveness and appriateness of messages

are words, images, and behaviors that crate meaning for others

are methods and techniques that speakers employ to achieve there speaking goals

Be Descriptive - in a neutral way, describe what you saw the speaker doing

When you describe what you see a speaker doing, make sure your descriptions are precise enough to give the speaker a clear imaje of your perceptions

Begin and end your feedback with positive comments

Give the speaker some suggestions or alternatives for improvement

Own your feedback by using I statements rather than you statements

Provide usable information.

The key elements in communication are source, receiver, message, and channel

The simplest way to gather information about your audience informally is just to observe them and ask questions before you speak.

are statistical information about population characteristics such as age, race, gender, sexual orientation, educational level, and ideological or religious views of an audience.

Rather than relying only on inferences drawn from casual observation and conversations with others, you may, if time and resources permit, want to conduct a more formal survey of your listeners

is the process of examining information about the listeners who will hear your speech

To establish common ground with your audience is to identify ways in which you and your listeners are alike.

The process of ethically using information youve gathered when analyzing you audience to help your audience clearly understand your message and to help you achieve your speaking objective

Consider Your delivery

Demographic audience analysis, Psychological audience analysis, Situational audience analysis

Age, Gender

the culturally constructed and psychologically based perception of one's self as feminine or masculine

make sure your speech relates to all your listeners, not just to one gender.

a learned system of knowledge, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms shared by a group of people

Portion of a persons cultural background that relates to a national or religious heritage

His or her biological heritag

an assumption that your own cultural approaches are superior to those of other cultures

Australia, Great Britain, the United States, Canada, Belgium, and Denmark, value and respond positively to appeals that encourage personal accomplishment and single out individual achievement.

Japan, Thailand, Columbia, Taiwan, and Venezuela are among those that have more collectivistic cultures, more likely to value group or team rewards. Community is an important value for those from collectivistic cultures

Arab, japan, asia, and southern europe, = Delivery

Switzerland, Germany, the united states, and australia = words

Great Britain and Indonesia, more comfortable with vagueness and are not upset when all the details aren't spelled out

Russia, Japan, france, and costa rica = prefer to have details

Clearly defined lines of authority and respnsibility,Philippines, Mexico, benezuela, india, brazil, and france

Austria, Israel, Denmark, Norway, Switzerland, and Great Britain, are more comfortable with blurred lines of authority and less formal titles, have an equitable approach to power distribution

Asian cultures, and some from south american cultures such as that of Brazil often value patience, persistence, and deferred gratification more than do people from cultures with a short term orientation to time

which is often a characteristic of industrialized western cultures such as those of canada and the united states, are very attuned to time and management. Short term cultures value quick responses to problems

Religous, Political, Social, Work, Service

a persons perceived importance and influence based on such factors as income, occupation, and education level, In europe, asia, the middle east, and other parts of the world, centuries old traditions of acknowledging status differences still exist today. Status differences exist in the United States but are often more subtle = Income, Occupation, Education adapt to diverse listeners

a specific segment of your audience that you most want to address or influence

Another approach you can adopt, either separately or in combination with a target audience focus, is to use a variety of strategies to reflect the diversity of your audience

People have debated for a long time whether there are universal human values

Rely on visual materials that transcend language differences

Explores an audiences attitudes toward a topic, purpose, and speaker, while probing the underlying beliefs and values that might affect these attitudes

reflects likes or dislikes. Do you like food, Are you for or against capital punishment, Should movies be censored, what are your views on nuclear energy

what you hold to be true or false, if you like health food, you hold a belief that health food has more vitamins and minerals than processed food

is an enduring concept of good and bad, right and wrong. More deeply ingrained than either attitudes or beliefs, values are therefore more resistant to change

Others perception of you as trustworthy, knowledgeable, and interesting is one of the main factors that will shape your audiences attitude toward you

includes an examination of the time and place of your speech, the size of your audience, and the speaking occasion

Time, Location, Size of audience, occasion

Eye Contact, Facial Expression, movement, nonverbal responsiveness, verbal responsiveness

Approriately use audience members names, refer to the town, city, or community, Refer to a significant event that happened on the date of your speech, refer to a recent news event, refer to a group or organization, relate information directly to your listeners

Nonverbal responses, Verbal Responses, Survey Responses