Music Appreciation Final Exam

two violins, viola, cello

Down beat

fugue

Romanesque period

getting faster

seek to be completed or resolved in the rest chord

At ease, slow graceful movements.

Patterns of bears that subdivide into smaller, irregular groups; common in certain Eastern European musics

Fast, cheerful

How loud something is

Moderately slow; walking pace

original pace

Cup-shaped mouthpiece attached to metal tubing

Trumpet, trombone, french horn, euphonium, tuba

two to twelve players, one player per part

All half steps

first-chair violinist

smooth connected melody that moves principally by small intervals

Concordant or harmonious combination of tones that provides a sense of relaxation and stability in music

agree with each other

The lowest sounding instrument in the woodwind family

growing louder

growing softer

Melody or harmony built from the seven tones of a major or minor scale. It encompasses patterns of seven whole tones and semitones

Melodies that has lots of leaps and changes in direction

playing two separate notes on the violin simultaneously

soloist with piano

loud

very loud

gongs, xylophone-like instruments, and drums

left hand slides along the string

solemn; very, very slow

high-pitch tones

Texture in which two or more voices (or parts) elaborate the same melody simultaneously, often the result of improvisation

texture in which two or more parts move with to the same basic rhythm

produced from the instrument itself: bells, rattles, xylophones, cymbals

Distance and relationship between two pitches

Broad, very slow

smaller, specialized ensembles

less

moderately loud

moderately soft

A moderate or medium tempo.

Changing from one key to another

very

Short melodic or rhythmic idea; the smallest fragment of a theme that forms a melodic-harmonic-rhythmic unit

Complete, self-contained part within a larger musical work

Tone color, sound quality

attachment over the bridge, mutes the sound

Music lacking a strong sense of beat or meter, common in certain non-Western cultures

not too much

Either a repeated melody or rhythm.

Five-note pattern used in come african, far eastern, and native american musics; can also be found in western music as an example of exoticism

very soft

soft

a little

very fast

various-sized saxophones, clarinet

percussion, piano, double bass, and electric guitar

getting slower

accent

Repeated music usually with verses.

Western ensemble of strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion

A deliberate upsetting of the normal pattern of stressed and unstressed beats; A series of accented notes that fall off the beat.

Based on principles of major-minor tonality, as distinct from modal

system in which music is organized around a central note and the scale is built on that note

Playing in a different key from the key intended.

rapid repetition of a tone

rapid alternation of two adjacent tones

Gathering of beats into three beats per measure, with every third beat accented.

vivacious, faster than allegro

Sound produced by air, finger holes change pitch

The early Christian church and the state

because of the sponsorship (patronage) of the church.

The ideals of knighthood and the devotion to the Virgin Mary

exploration, scientific inquiry, artistic awakening, and secularization.

The Americas

Johannes Gutenberg

Venice.

Charlemagne

"Fall of Roman empire 476 AD"

A religious service or rite; the form of a ritual or other act of public worship

codified church music

1. vocal monophony, nonmetric, sung in Latin, conjunct melody 2. over 3,000 melodies anonymously composed 3. text settings: syllabic, neumatic, melismatic

handed down through oral tradition

early musical notation signs, square-shaped notes

precede major and minor scales

changes every day

not part of the Mass, worship in monasteries

The unchanging parts of the Mass

-Life devoted to the Catholic church -religious seclusion devoted to prayer, scholarship -available to men and women

-poet and prophet -daughter of a noble couple -given to the church as a tithe -music resembles Gregorian chant

-earliest polyphony, 12th and 13th centuries -second voice added to plainchant

-Reenactment of the Sacrifice of Christ -Most solemn ritual of the Catholic church

-Léonin (fl. 1150-c. 1201): composer at Cathedral of Notre Dame -compiled Great Book of Organum (Magnus liber organi) -Pérotin (fl. c. 1200): Léonin's successor -expanded organum to three, four, or more voices

-probably composed by Pérotin -prayer in praise of the Virgin Mary -three-part polyphony, alternates with monophonic chant -upper two voices melismatic, in rhythmic mode -third voice sustained below

1. polyphonic vocal genre, secular in the Middle Ages but sacred or devotional thereafter

-Composers there wrote some of the earliest examples of polyphony, called organum. -The first book containing compositions by composers of this school is called the Magnus liber organi.

The bottom voice

wandering actor-singers; versatile entertainers

-French poet-musicians -court musicians -members of aristocracy and royalty -poems: chivalry, unrequited love, political and war songs, Crusades -Minnesingers: German counterpart

early polyphony -each voice enters in succession with same melody

-six-voice, a cappella round -two voices repeat bass pattern -upper voices: two-voice, then four-voice round -long-short-long-short rhythmic pattern"

-significant developments in rhythm, meter, harmony, counterpoint, and notation -more refined and complex than Ars antiqua (old art) -secular themes

-ca. 1300-1377 -Generally considered to be the greatest composer of the ars nova -Prolific, composed in sacred and secular styles

1. three-voice, a cappella polyphonic chanson 2. low range: male voices 3. slow, syncopated rhythm 4. text: rondeau by Machaut

1. accompanied singers 2. instrumental arrangements of vocal works 3. prominent in dance music: rhythm

recorder, pipe, lute, harp, psaltery, hammered dulcimer, rebec, vielle

1. tournaments, processions 2. shawm, sackbut

courtly love.

-A capella choir and soloist -Mass Proper: plainchant celebrating the Virgin Mary -expressive leaps of a fifth: "holy womb" "flower" "chastity"

-Golden age of a cappella style -imitative polyphony -harmony: fuller chords, 3rds and 6ths -carefully controlled dissonance -duple meter

-northern French, early renaissance composer -Italian court positions; papal choir in Rome -humanism: expressive harmony, serene melodies -sacred and secular compositions

-sacred Latin motet -four-voice, a cappella choir -rhymed strophic prayer to the Virgin Mary -varied combinations of voices and textures

-Kyrie -Gloria -Credo -Sanctus -Agnus Dei

-"Fixed Song" -Entire mass based on one melody -Basis of polyphonic compositions of the MIDDLE AGES and RENAISSANCE. -The tune was taken from a Gregorian Chant =it would move very slowly under the more rapid vocal/instrumental lines above it.

-Augustinian monk -excommunicated by Catholic church =Ninety-Five Theses, 1517

-Protestant revolt -mass in vernacular -hymns sung communally

-recapture loyalty of people: accessible music -Council of Trent (1545-1563) concerns =embellishments to Gregorian chant =objected to certain instruments in church =use of popular songs in Masses =secular spirit in sacred music =irreverent attitude of church musicians =complex polyphony obscured the text -Council favored pure vocal style =simplicity, clarity =respected integrity of sacred texts =encourage piety

-Italian composer, organist, choirmaster -worked at St. Peter's in Rome and Sistine Chapel Choir -mostly sacred compositions; over 100 Masses -pure, a cappella, vocal polyphony

-six-part, a cappella male choir -monophonic opening -homorhythmic and polyphonic textures follow -clear declamation of the text -full, consonant harmony

common, everyday language

-Professional musicians: court and civic festivities -Merchant class: music-making in the home -Women in music =music education: well-bred women =women achieved fame as professional singers -Important genres: chanson and madrigals

-Favored genre at Burgundian courts throughout 16th century =three or four voices =courtly love =freer poetic structures =Josquin: preeminent composer

-Secular vocal composition for three to eight voices flourished at Italian courts -short poems: lyric or reflective character -music enhanced poetry -word painting: music depicts emotional words =weeping, sighing, trembling, etc. -instruments double or substitute voices

-Franco-Flemish composer; early madrigalist -worked in Italy and France -secular compositions: chansons, madrigals -sacred compositions: Masses, motets -simpler, lyrical style

-four-voice, a cappella madrigal -through-composed 10-line poem -lyrical, conjunct melody -mostly homophonic, consonant, full harmony -emotional words: dissonance, chromaticism, melisma, repetition