MIS Exam 2

Are easy to represent electronically (a bit is either a zero or 1)

Bytes (8-bit chunk=1 byte)

Main Memory

Magnetic and optical discs are non-volatile which means their contents survive when power is off. Saving to USB or disk (CACHE AND MAIN MEMORY ARE VOLATILE..their contents are lost when power is off)

They are organized into a collection of servers . They process and receive thousands of service requests per minute. Computers hand-off partially processed requests from each other while keeping track of each current status of each request. Amazon can process 110 order items per second

Form of hardware/software leasing in which organizations obtain server resources from vendors that specialize in server processing. Allows multiple org. to utilize the same computing infrastructure. (Examples: PSU for class registration, oracle, facebook, IBM, google docs and spread sheets)

NOT ON TEST

Instruction Sets

license

PC virtualization

Software serves the needs of a specific industry. Examples are: dental office to schedule appointments and bill patients, auto mechanics to keep track of customer data and repairs, inventory tracking in warehouses (these are all specific softwares

vertical market application software

It is a computer software installed into devices such as printers, print servers, and various types of communication devices. The software is coded just like other softwares, but installed into special, read-only memory of the printer or other devices. Program becomes the devices memory, users do not need to load firmware into the devices memory. Firmware can be changed or upgraded.

(Microsoft Office) The source code is highly protected and only available to trusted employees and carefully vetted contractors. (Source code is a computer code written and understood by humans). Only those trusted programmers can make changes.

Available to the public. (Available to users in source code form)

Organizations with limited budgets might choose Linux with Ubuntu and Open Office on clients, but this is rare. Med/Small organizations usually standardize on single client operating system. Page 15 chapter 4 notes

Server Hardware

CPU, Main Memory

Keyboard, Mouse, Scanner, UPC reader, Microphone, Still Camera, Video Camera

Kilobyte (K)

Memory swapping

Server Farms

Grid Computing

Operating System (OS)

Linux (OS)-A version of Unix that is an example of an open source community

One computer hosts the appearance of many computers (two OS systems). Cloud computing is feasible because cloud vendors harness the power of virtualization.

In-house development (used only when there is no other option)

Thin-Client

Hardware purchases, software licenses, project costs for custom software, data conversion costs, design, development, documentation, initial training costs (page 114).

Character (byte)

NOT ON TEST

Create and staff DBA function, form steering committee, specify requirements, validate data model, evaluate application design

Set up request tracking system (develop system to record/prioritize requests for change Manage configuration change (manage impact of database structure changes on applications and users)

Database application

Query

Application program

Lost-update problem

One adviser can have many students and one student can have many advisers. More than one entity is allowed on each side of the relationship and that number of entities on each side can be different. N:M is also maximum cardinality which is the maximum # of entities involved in a relationship shown by crows feet.

N:M relationship (many-many)

NOT ON TEST

NOT ON TEST

character of data

Table or File

Key

Data that describe data

Database Management System (DBMS)

International standard language for processing a database. All 5 of the DBMS products mentioned earlier accept and process SQL statements. "Structured Query Language"

Database Management Systems

Enterprise DBMS and Personal DBMS

Attributes

Identifiers

Relationship

Constraints on minimum requirements. What is the minimum number of entities required in a relationship?

Database Design

Normalization

Tables such that every table has a single topic or theme. Normalized tables do not have data integrity problems.

Most LAN connections are made using UTP cables (unshielded twisted pair). This cable contains sets of wires that are twisted together to improve signal quality. If connection carries a lot of traffic, UTP can be replaced by optical fiber cables.

Network

Protocol

Switch

Network Interface Card (NIC)

Scheme of 5 protocol types arranged in layers Top Layer- protocols for applications like browsers and web browsers (program to program, enables communication amount programs) Ex: HTP, HTTPS, FTP, SMTP. Next 2 Layers-Protocols about data communication across any internet (names are transport, internet) Reliable internet transport (TCP) and internet routing (IP) Last 2 layers-Protocols containing data transmission within a network (names are network, two devices) Flow among switches/access points (IEEE 802.3 (wired) and IEEE 802.11 (wireless))

Packet

Domain Name

Virtual Private Network (VPN)

Firewall

Ethernet

Wireless LAN connections use the IEEE 802.11 protocol. WNICs operate according to the 802.11 protocol, and connect to wireless access point. Transmitting data over short distances, wireless mice, keyboards, and cell phones.

54 Mbps

NOT ON TEST

WNIC devices connect to access points. They are components of the LAN device that process wireless traffic and communicate with the wired switch. Every device on the LAN can communicate with every other device. Wireless devices communicate with each other via the access point.

A company that provides customers access to the internet. Provides legitimate internet address. Serves as gateway to internet. You pay for internet access. Alternatives for a WAN.

First modem type, stands for digital subscriber line. They operate on the same lines as voice telephones, but they operate so that their signals do not interfere with the voice telephone service. They do not interfere with telephone lines, so DSL data transmission and telephone conversations can occur simultaneously. Use own protocols for data transmission. Gradations of DSL service and speed. Most home DSL lines can download data at speeds ranging from 256 Kbps to 6.44 Mbps and can upload data of lower speeds

Offer the same fast speed in both directions

TCP/IP

Operate at the bottom 2 layers. LAN device translates between both of them. Layer 1 (PHYSICAL), Scope is 2 devices, hardware specifications is their purpose.

Layer 5 (top layer) with a program to program scope. Purpose is to enable communications amongst programs. Examples are: HTTP, HTTPS, SMTP, FTP

When you send a file using FTP, you are using the Internet, but not the web. Web browsers use HTTP and HTTPS, the other things (mail or files) dont use the web. Internet is no app layer.

HTTPS, TCP

Transport or 4th layer

IP

Identify a particular device on a private network usually on a LAN. Their assignment is controlled with the LAN. Example: coffee shop gives you a private IP address on the LAN device.

When your computer uses TCP/IP within a LAN, say to access a private web server with the LAN, it uses a private IP address. When you access a public site within the LAN, your traffic uses your internal IP address until it gets to the LAN device. At that point, the LAN device substitutes your private IP address for its public IP address and sends your traffic onto the internet. By using private IP addresses, you need not register a public IP address for your computer.

Web servers

Hyperlink

Tunnel

NOT ON TEST

VPN

Packet-Filtering

This is what they actually do: Examine each part of a message and determine whether to let it pass. Examine the source address, the destination address, and other data. Can prohibit outsiders from starting a session with any user behind the firewall. Disallow traffic from particular sites, such as known hacker addresses. Can prohibit traffic from legitimate, but unwanted addresses, such as competitor's computers. Keep employees from accessing specific sites, such as competitor sites, sites with pornographic material, or popular news sites.