Chapters 3,6,7,13

The concept of the Internet was developed by the U.S. Department of Defense as a network that Would not be disrupted easily in event of an attack.

ARPANET is the beginning of the Internet developed by the U.S. government. It began as a four-node network and many people participated but two men known as "Fathers of the Internet" Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn were main people.

One of the first graphical web browsers. 1993, Mosaic Browser, which could display graphics as well as text, was released. The once-popular Netscape Navigator browser evolved from Mosaic and heralded the beginning of the web's monumental growth.

UCLA, Stanford Research Institute, University of Cali Santa Barbara, and University of Utah in Salt Lake City.

Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn

Client -- computer that asks for data Server -- computer that receives the request and returns the data to the client Client/Server Network -- Referred because of the Internet uses clients and servers

IP Address is a unique identification number, its a set of four groups of numbers separated by periods, and is commonly referred to as a dotted quad or dotted decimal. IP Addresses are the means by which computers connected to the Internet identify each other. * uniquely identifies each computer (192.168.1.254) * domain: text version of IP address (amazon.com; fresnostate.edu)

Blog is a personal log or journal posted on the web. They are generally written by a single author and are arranged as a listing of entries on a single page. Vlog is a blog that uses video as the primary content.Vlogs are a popular means of personal expression, and can be found on things like YouTube.

Podcast -- form of a digital media composed of a series of audio or video files that are distributed over the Internet Webcast -- usually broadcast of audio or video content over the internet. Unlike podcasts, which are pre recorded and made available for download, most webcasts are distributed in "real time", meaning that they're live or one-time events.

* fast & convenient communication; asynchronous (messages can wait) * use for: exchanging & collaborating on documents via attachments * relatively private (compared to social networking sites), not really private (so no)

Be concise and to the point Use the spell-checker and proofread your e-mail before sending it Avoid using abbreviations such as u, r, LOL, and BTW Include a meaningful subject line to help recipients prioritize and organize e-mails Add a signature line that includes your contact info. Include only those people on the e-mail who truly need to receive it.

Instant Messaging (IM) -- way of communicating in real time over the Internet, was a primary means of chatting w/ friends in real time. Texting (SMS) -- Short Message Service to send short messages between mobile devices. Some texting services that use Multimedia Message Service (MMS) can include images or videos.

(Voice over Internet Protocol) is a fully digital phone service that allows calls to be transmitted over the Internet rather than over traditional phone lines or cellular networks. Advantage of VoIP is that it is free or low cost for long distance services and the portability of it. Disadvantages are sound quality and reliability issues.

B2C -- (Business-to-Consumer) transactions take place between businesses and consumers. Such transactions include those between customers and completely online businesses. B2B -- (Business-to-Business) transactions occur when businesses buy and sell goods and services to other people. C2C -- (Consumer-to-Consumer) transactions occur when consumers sell to each other through sites such as eBay.

E-Commerce -- (Electronic Commerce) is the process of conducting business online. Its Identified by whom the business is being conducted.

Social Commerce -- is a subset of e-commerce that uses social networks to assist in marketing and purchasing products Mobile Commerce -- conducting commercial transactions online through smartphone, tablet, or other mobile device. Apple Pay and other digital payment systems are becoming quite popular, as well as making payments using mobile apps.

Moore's Law -- describes the pace at which central processing units (CPUs) improve. This rule predicts that the number of transistors inside a CPU will increase so fast that CPU processing power will double about every 2 years.

Smartphone -- use a CPU and an interface so powerful that they can take on many of the same tasks as much more expensive computers. They illustrate true power of Digital Convergence, as they incorporate a range of features that used to be available only in separate, dedicated devices Tablet -- portable computer integrated into a multi touch-sensitive screen. Laptop -- portable computer that has a keyboard, monitor, and other devices integrated into a single compact case. Ultrabook -- full-featured computers that focus on offering a very thin, lightweight computing solution. Desktop -- intended for use at a single location, so its stationary. Most desktops consist of a separate case or tower that houses the main components of the computer and to which peripheral devices are attached.

System Evaluation -- Look at your computer's subsystems, see what they do, and check how they perform during your typical workday. Then compare that with what is available on the market, and the path forward for you will become clearer

CPU -- (Central Processing Unit) is a piece of hardware that carries out the instructions of a computer program. It performs the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of a computer system Main tasks are to Fetch, Decode, Execute, and Store.

FDES Fetch: required instruction from RAM Decode: instruction, so computer can understand Execute: the instruction Store: result, before fetching next required instruction

* number of cores: contributes to CPU processing power * mobile users: low power draw important, not number of cores * casual users: a few cores OK * "power" users: as many cores as possible

*arithmetic logic unit (ALU): performs arithmetic & logical operations * control unit (CU): extracts instructions from memory and decodes & executes them, calling on the ALU when necessary

Computers need a system clock so that the computer can move from one stage of the machine cycle to the next. Clock Cycle -- The steady beats or "ticks" of the system clock, which set the pace by which the computer moves from process to process. Clock Speed -- The pace, measured in hertz (Hz), which describes how many times something happens per second.

Overclocking -- is when users push their hardware to perform faster. Overclocking means that you run the CPU at a faster speed than the manufacturer recommends. It produces more heat, meaning a shorter lifespan for the CPU, and usually voids any warranty, but in gaming systems, you'll see this done quite often. * overclocking: pushing CPU to perform faster

* parallel processing: two or more CPUs working together to accomplish task * cache memory: form of RAM that gets data to the CPU * pipelining: technique used by CPUs; work on multiple items at same time; boost CPU performance

* cache memory based on proximity to processor * level 1: fastest, least data * level 2: intermediate * level 3: slowest, most data

Hyperthreading: capability of CPU to create additional virtual core CPU benchmark: measures to compare performance between processors

Random Access Memory (RAM): holds data while computer is on Volatility for RAM: temporary Current: DDR3 & DDR4 (Double Data Rate) DDR4 the newest DDR5 for graphic cards

Mechanical Hard Drives: magnetic Have mechanical, moving parts Largest capacity of any storage (8 TB) Data saved as pattern of magnetized spots of 1s & 0s *5-year life time Solid State Drives (SSD) No moving parts: generates little heat, not noise Requires less power, fast access 10-year life time

Access time: time to find stored data

Optical drives: CD, DVD, Blu-ray discs Tiny pits burned into the disc by a high-speed laser CD: 700 MBs DVD: 4.7 GB BD: 25GB

Pits: written area (reflective) Land: unwritten (not reflective)

Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID): series of strategies for using more than one drive in a system RAID 0: dividing file into two drives; speeds up saving RAID 1: data copied in two drives instantly

Video cards: expansion card installed inside system unit to translate binary code into images Mostly for desktops RAM used: GDDR3 & GDDR5

Ports available: HDMI DVI DisplayPort Adapater VGA HDMI is standardized sound and video

Sound card: enables computer to drive speaker system 3-D sound technology: sound generated throughout room

1. Added benefit 2. Environmental impact 3. Donate 4. Remove all data

Two or more computers that are Connected via software & hardware Allow for communication

Sharing high-speed Internet connection Sharing printers & peripheral devices Sharing files Common communications (even if different operating systems, computers can still communicate)

Refers to classification of network Distance, levels of administration, or protocols used

Network classified by distance PAN: personal area network (communication close to one person) LAN: local area network (small geographical area) HAN: home area network (located in home; type of LAN) MAN: metropolitan area network (large network; city or county) WAN: wide area network (large physical distance)

Network classified by levels of administration Client/server network: single, central server provides information to many clients P2P network: each node can communicate with each other directly; no central server

Network classified by protocols used protocol

802.11a (old, not for public) 802.11b (wi-fi at home) 802.11g (wi-fi at home, 15 devices) 802.11n (standard, most people have at home, over 200 devices) 802.11ac (newest, fastest, expensive; more radios, greater distance)

Ability of current devices to use earlier standards

All are examples of "transmission media": establish communication channel between nodes; wired or wireless UTP cable: twisted copper wires, plastic jacket; cheapest Coaxial cable: single copper wire; layers of plastic; medium price Fiber-optic cable: plastic or glass fibers; expensive

Network adapter: needed by node Network interface card (NIC): any integrated network adapter Modem: for broadband connection, translates signal into digital & back again Router: transfers packets of data between two or more networks Internet of Things (IoT): interconnection of uniquely identifiable embedded computing devices that transfer data over the network without requiring human interaction Network Operating System (NOS): installed on server; handle request from computers; ex. Windows Server 2012

Cable: coaxial cable; speed may drop during high-usage periods; max speed of 30 mbps DSL (Digital Subscriber Line): copper wire phone line; speeds drops as distance from source increases; maximum 15 mbps Fiber-optic: optically pure glass or plastic; data through light signals, which do not degrade; maximum of 500 mbps Satellite Internet: for people in rural areas; expensive & slow Mobile hotspots: often requires data plan Mobile Broadband:

Wired Internet access: WiFi established through router Mobile broadband Internet: 3G & 4G connects to Internet Data plan: Internet connectivity plan

253 Yes

Network-attached storage (NAS): store & manage network data; provides centralized data storage & access Home Network server: store & share files across network

Network-ready device (Internet-ready device): connect directly to network through either wired or wireless connection Game consoles, smart TVs

Home network servers: designed to store files; can do backups; allow others to access network

350 feet (with diminishing speed)

Access Point: connects with cable to router Range Extender: amplifies wireless signal

Piggybacking: connecting to a wireless network without permission Securing: Use encryption & security protocols Change network name (SSID) Disable SSID broadcast Change default password Create passphrase Implement media access controls Limit signal range Appy firmware upgrades Disable remote access Keep router firmware up to date

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): researches new Internet technologies Internet Architecture Board (IAB): provides direction for the maintenance & development of Internet protocols Internet Corporation for Assigned Names & Numbers (ICANN): responsible for managing the Internet's domain name system & the allocation of IP addresses World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): sets standards & develops protocols for the web

Internet backbone: the main paths of the Internet A collection of large national & international networks (owned mostly by commercial, educational, or government organizations) Backbone providers are required to connect to other backbone providers Have the fastest high-speed connections

Web server: host web pages & provide information to clients Commerce server: enables users to buy goods & services File server: provide remote storage space

Packet switching: data broken into smaller chunks called packets Packet switching is a more efficient form of computer communication than circuit switching

Packets contain: address to which packet is sent; address from where packet originates; reassembly instructions; data being transmitted

TCP/IP: Transfer Control Protocol / Internet Protocol default protocol for the Internet * IP: responsible for sending information from one computer to another * TCP: establishes connection

Each packet sent through the Internet can follow its own route to its final destination Sequential numbering of packets ensures they're reassembled in the correct order at destination

Interconnection of uniquely identifiable embedded computing devices that transfer data over the network without requiring human interaction * term for the explosive growth of Internet-enabled devices

HTTP: Hyptertext Transfer Protocol HTTPS: combination of HTTP & SSL SSL: Secure Socket Layer (network security protocol)

ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names & Numbers) Manages the Internet's domain name system & allocation of IP addresses

*statistic addressing: IP assigned by network administrator; doesn't change *dynamic addressing: computer is assigned a temporary address automatically

Server-side: programs that run on web server Client-side: runs on client computer

Encryption: making a message unreadable Private-key: one key; only the two parties involved have the code Public-key: two keys available; one for encrypting, one for decrypting