Calculus is a branch of mathematics that studies changes and relationships between changing quantities. It is used to solve problems involving motion, forces, energy, shapes, and other concepts in science and engineering. Calculus is often divided into two parts: differential calculus and integral calculus. Differential calculus deals with the rate of change of a given quantity over time, while integral calculus deals with the calculation of area under curves or surfaces.Calculus was developed by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz in the 17th century, who both built upon earlier work by René Descartes and Pierre de Fermat. The use of derivatives to calculate rates of change was first introduced by Newton in 1669, while Leibniz expanded on this with his development of integral calculus which allowed for the calculation of areas under curves or surfaces. This resulted in an explosion of mathematical discoveries throughout Europe during this period as mathematicians explored how to use these new tools to solve problems across multiple fields such as mechanics, astronomy and optics.Today calculus is used widely across many scientific disciplines including physics, economics, computer science and engineering among others; it continues to be an invaluable tool for understanding natural phenomena from the motion planets around stars to stock market fluctuations. Calculus has also found its way into everyday life; from using derivatives to calculate profits for businesses or prices for commodities like gas & electricity through to applying integrals when designing roads & bridges it can be found everywhere.
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