ENSP 200 Exam 2

25 July 2022
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cycled between cold and warm periods
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Over the past 2 million years, Earth's climate has _____.
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the industrial revolution
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Global warming over the past 200 years is most closely associated with _____.
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Earth would be considerably cooler
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If Earth had no carbon dioxide in its atmosphere, _____.
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water vapor
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The most abundant greenhouse gas, which is not considered to be adding to global warming, is _____.
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carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide
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Which of the following contribute the most to global warming?
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increasing the spread of parasites and associated disease
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Global warming and changing climates will likely affect wildlife in North America by _____.
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backcasting to see if the models accurately describe the weather and climate in the past
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The accuracy of computer forecasts of global climate change is measured by _____.
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efficiency and conservation
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CAFE standards in the United States are part of the stabilization category of _____.
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Kyoto Protocol
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Which of the following is an international agreement to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions, which became international law in 2005?
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power stations
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The greatest source of greenhouse gases in industrialized countries is _____.
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• Nitrogen oxides (N2O) from denitrification and fossil fuel combustion • Methane (CH4) from decomposition and feedlots • Tropospheric ozone (O3) • Carbon dioxide (CO2) from fossil fuel combustion • Black carbon aerosols and soot particles • Parts of Earth's surface with low reflectivity (low albedo)
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Factors that contribute to warming:
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• Condensed water vapor (cloud albedo) • Parts of Earth's surface with high reflectivity (high albedo)
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Factors that contribute to cooling
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Today's World: The amount of global warming that is likely to occur if CO2 emissions cease immediately and CO2 concentrations continue at their current level.
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What does the yellow line represent?
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the black line representing 20thcentury data
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Which line is not a computer-generated forecast?
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It increased by about 0.7 °C.
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How did the global surface temperature change between 1900 and 2000?
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It will increase by about 3.5 °C.
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According to the Business as Usual scenario, how will the global surface temperature change in the century between 2000 and 2100?
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Today's World
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Which prediction has the greatest degree of certainty?
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All of the computer-generated forecasts predict some global warming, but reducing the level of CO2 emissions will significantly slow the rate of increase.
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Which of the following statements is supported by the graph?
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dry deposition of a natural aerosol
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On May 18 of 1980, Mount Saint Helens erupted violently, sending plumes of ash high into the air. About 250 miles east of the volcano, several inches of ash accumulated on the ground in the college town of Pullman, Washington, representing _____.
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a temperature inversion and secondary air pollutants
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In 1948 in Donora, Pennsylvania, the routine release of toxins into the air became a deadly fog because of _____.
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cold air near the ground
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A temperature inversion around a large city such as Los Angeles traps pollutants in _____.
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sunlight
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Photo-chemicals are secondary pollutants whose formation is facilitated by _____.
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1. Concentrations are elevated by hot, sunny days 2. A reaction between pollutants and atmospheric compounds that creates over 100 different chemicals 3. Most pronounced in cities prone to inversion events
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Photochemical Smog:
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1. Increases exposure of organisms to ultraviolet light 2. Caused by halocarbons, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 3. Montreal Protocol aimed to reduce emissions that cause this
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Stratospheric Ozone Depletion:
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1. Forms from emissions of sulfur dioxide 2. Leaches plant nutrients from soils
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Acid Deposition:
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the elimination of leaded gas
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The greatest progress in reducing atmospheric levels of lead pollution resulted from _____.
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acid deposition, heavy metals, and smog
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The three most important forms of pollution in the troposphere are _____.
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late afternoon
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You visit a very large city that experiences frequent formations of heavy photochemical smog. In order to keep up your exercise routine, you intend to jog. In general, when would be the worst time to go running?
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ultraviolet light
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In the troposphere, CFCs are stable. But in the stratosphere, CFCs are not stable and release damaging chlorine atoms when exposed to _____.
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skin cancer
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Which one of the following health problems is most closely associated with the destruction of the stratospheric ozone?
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HCFC-22 can be manufactured in the U.S., and used in limited quantities.
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Which of the following is true?
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prevent further damage to the ozone layer
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The Montreal Protocol was drafted to do which of the following?
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air conditioning
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Which of the following industries relied on finding new chemicals when CFC-12 was banned?
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China
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In order to get the most control over the manufacturing and selling of illegal HCFC-12, focus should be where?
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The use of HCFC-22 is not restricted.
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Which of the following is true in Mexico?
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Environmental Protection Agency
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Which of the following federal agencies regulates legislation of HCFC-22 in the U.S.?
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radon gas emissions
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A 62-year-old woman has lived her entire life in a beautiful home in Iowa with her home office and a big family room in the basement. Nobody in her home ever smoked, yet she was just diagnosed with lung cancer. Which of the following was most likely a factor that led to her lung cancer?
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tobacco smoke, carbon monoxide, and radon gas
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Indoor air pollutants include _____.
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Each year the EPA estimates that breathing secondhand smoke kills nearly 40,000 people by contributing to lung cancer and heart disease.
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Which one of the following best describes the health risks of breathing secondhand smoke when living in a home with a smoker?
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formaldehyde was escaping from some of the building materials
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After the Hurricane Katrina disaster, the Federal Emergency Management Agency provided small mobile homes for temporary housing. Some people living in these homes reported irritations of the respiratory tract, headaches, and rashes. Which of the following is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
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radon gas emissions
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A 62-year-old woman has lived her entire life in a beautiful home in Iowa with her home office and a big family room in the basement. Nobody in her home ever smoked, yet she was just diagnosed with lung cancer. Which of the following was most likely a factor that led to her lung cancer?
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A family in Kenya cooks inside the home with an open fire.
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Which of the following activities inside of a home are most likely to lead to increased levels of carbon monoxide and particulate matter that could result in disease and death?
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agricultural wastes
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In developing countries, indoor pollution from cooking and heating with wood leads to serious disease and death. Burning charcoal produces fewer pollutants. Students examining this problem suggested a unique and sustainable way to make charcoal. These students suggested that sustainable supplies of charcoal could be made from _____.
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Responsibility for regulating air pollution shifted to the national government.
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In general, what major shift in the management of air pollution in the United States has occurred since 1963?
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It was easy to monitor the pollutant.
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Which of the following was one of the reasons why the Montreal Protocol remains one of the most successful international agreements to manage air pollutants?
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CFCs and destruction of the ozone
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One of the greatest success stories of the positive impact of chemistry research and environmental policies and regulations relates to _____.
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high blood pressure
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Your friend lives in China. Which of the following is a greater risk factor than air pollution for him?
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Worldwide, urban air pollution will become an increasing problem for the foreseeable future.
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According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, which of the following is true?
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unclean water
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Worldwide, which of the following environmental problems is currently a larger cause of mortality than air pollution?
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no more than 2.5 microns in diameter
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You are a physician studying the dangerous air pollutants that penetrate body tissues the deepest. How big are the particles you specialize in?
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United States
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Chinese officials have been more willing to release air pollution levels because which country had been measuring and releasing such information to the public?
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China and India
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You are an environmental scientist interested in studying the effects of outdoor air pollution in large cities. Which two countries would be best for you to visit?
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concentration of pollutants, in parts per million
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Atmospheric scientists measured the concentrations of several air pollutants during an otherwise clear summer day in Los Angeles. Can you interpret the graph to answer the following questions? What does the y-axis show?
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0.35 ppm
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What was the concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at 8:00 A.M.?
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exhaust from vehicles during morning rush hour
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What is most likely to have caused the increase in atmospheric nitrogen oxide (NO) between 4 A.M. and 7 A.M.?
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11:00 A.M. to 3:00 P.M.
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In which period was the concentration of photochemical smog highest?
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reactions of nitrous oxides (NOx) and VOCs with oxygen in sunlight
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What is most likely to have caused the rapid increase in photochemical smog between 8 A.M. and 11 A.M.?
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The production of smog declined as the amount of sunlight decreased.
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What is most likely to have caused the levels of ozone and photochemical smog to decline after 4:00 P.M.?
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a temperature inversion
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Which of the following factors would be most likely to lead to an overall increase in the level of photochemical smog?
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False
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This data set suggests that the U.S. Clean Air Act of 1970 was ineffective in the reduction of carbon monoxide pollution.
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False
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The fact that lead emissions are so much lower than carbon monoxide emissions suggests that lead is not really an important pollutant.
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There was a greater than twentyfold decrease in lead emissions.
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What was the impact of removing lead from gasoline in the 1970s and 1980s?
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NO2
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Which pollutant has generally increased in emissions over the span of this data set?
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a balanced focus on automobiles, industry, and electric generation
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Imagine that new studies indicate that reducing NO2 levels should be a top priority. What pollution source should be the focus of emission reduction programs?
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reductions in industrial and electric generation emissions
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Which of the following control programs is most likely responsible for the decrease in SO2 and volatile organic compounds since 1970?
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a nonconsumptive use of water in an open watershed
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Building a dam on the Mississippi River to generate electricity is an example of _____.
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Water in the Mississippi River contains high levels of nitrogen from fertilizers added to fields in Illinois and Iowa.
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Which of the following represents non-point-source pollution?
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faster water movement and a decrease in riparian vegetation
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A portion of a river that has experienced channelization will typically have ______.
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the salinity of the lake will increase
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When streams feeding a large, closed basin lake are greatly reduced, we expect that _____.
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benthic zone
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When zooplankton in a lake die, their bodies typically accumulate in the _____.
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phytoplankton living in the photic zone
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Most photosynthesis in the pelagic zone of a lake occurs in _____.
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pumping rates from the aquifer exceed recharge rates
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In Florida, almost all drinking water comes from aquifers. Saltwater contamination of these aquifers is more likely when _____.
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recharge and discharge rates are low
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Residence time for groundwater is longest when _____.
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below the water table between layers of comparatively impermeable rock or sediment
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A confined aquifer is groundwater located _____
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saturated and anaerobic soils
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Hydrophytes are able to live in wetlands because they have adaptations that allow them to grow in _____.
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fens
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Wetlands that are fed primarily from groundwater, have peaty soils, and include the Florida Everglades are called _____.
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The salinity levels in the estuary have increased.
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As cities have grown around estuaries, local rivers have been increasingly used as sources of freshwater, reducing the river flow into the estuary. Which of the following is the most likely consequence of this diversion of river water away from the estuary?
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abundant light and high levels of nutrients
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Estuaries are some of the most productive ecosystems on Earth because of their _____.
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the northern regions of the Atlantic Ocean
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Stranded in a raft, floating in the waters off the eastern shore of Georgia, survivors of a shipwreck have enough supplies to last them about two weeks. As they consider their fate, they realize that the surface ocean currents will gradually take them _____.
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non-point-source pollution leading to very low oxygen environments typically located where rivers flow into the ocean
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Dead zones in the ocean result from _____.
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extra high levels of nutrients
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Primary production is high in regions of ocean upwellings because of the _____.
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conservation measures
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As cities in the United States grow, they are finding that increased water demands are best addressed by _____.
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distillation and reverse osmosis
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The two main methods used to desalinate water are _____.
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drip irrigation
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The most efficient irrigation system currently in use is _____.
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declines in water resources in some regions due to global warming
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Now and in the near future international agreements for non-navigational uses of fresh water will be needed because of _____.
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• Meeting human needs for fresh water • A nation invading a neighboring country to access their rivers • Desalinating seawater • Damming a river to create a reservoir
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Supply-Side Solutions:
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• Raising water prices for consumers and businesses • Requiring low-flow showerheads in all new homes • Providing tax breaks for companies that use less water • Replacing inefficient irrigation with more-efficient drip irrigation to grow
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Demand-Side Solutions: