AP Human Geography Chapter 5 Industry Vocabulary

Comprised of 4 sectors (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.) The primary sector of the economy extracts or harvests products from the earth. The secondary sector of the economy manufactures finished goods. All of manufacturing, processing, and construction lies within the secondary sector. The tertiary sector of the economy is the service industry. The quaternary sector of the economy consists of intellectual activities. Ex: Farming industry, or Service Industry

The process in which a society or country (or world) transforms itself from a primarily agricultural society into one based on the manufacturing of goods and services. Ex: Industrial Revolution

The area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services. Ex: Market

Materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water, and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain. Ex: Coal, oil, natural gas

A basic material that is used to produce goods, finished products, energy, or intermediate materials which are feedstock for future finished products. Ex: Crude oil

The action, process, or idea of innovating. Ex: Brand-new technology

An area that is sealed off with an artificial or natural barrier. Ex: The Enclosure Movement

Work, especially hard physical work. Ex: Working in the plantations, or picking cotton

Types of cloth or woven fabric. Ex: Bullet proof vests consisting of woven fabrics

An industry—primarily manufacturing—which includes many producers, working from their homes, typically part time. Ex: Weaving, pottery, etc.....

A mass or collection of things; an assemblage. Ex: Clustering of automobile manufacturing

Countries that are not as developed as those considered in the periphery. Ex: Sub-Saharan Africa

The more developed countries. Ex: Germany, or Russia

Above the core level, but a great deal below the periphery. Ex: Algeria

Colonialsim- The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically. Imperialism- A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. Ex: Sicily

A process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. Ex: Internet

International trade is the exchange of capital, goods, and services across international borders or territories, which could involve the activities of the government and individual. In most countries, such trade represents a significant share of gross domestic product (GDP). Ex: NAFTA

The sum of all wages paid to employees, as well as the cost of employee benefits and payroll taxes paid by an employer. The cost of labor is broken into direct and indirect costs. Ex: Employees in Business

The total cost associated with delivering goods or services to customers. Ex: Revenue ranges in company

The expenses involved in moving products or assets to a different place, which are often passed on to consumers. Ex: Cost to bring product to a market

A type of intergovernmental agreement, often part of a regional intergovernmental organization, where regional barriers to trade, (tariffs and non-tariff barriers) are reduced or eliminated among the participating states. Ex: NAFTA trade blocs

Finished product weighs more than the raw materials. Ex: Copper, or steel

A production where the import weighs more than the final product. Ex: Potato chip industry

The notion that distance usually requires some amount of effort (energy) and/or money to overcome. Ex: Shopping centers, reservoirs

An economic law that demonstrates the ways in which protectionism (mercantilism, at the time it was written) is unnecessary in free trade. Ex: Economy and taxation involving England and Portugal

When two regions, through trade, can specifically satisfy each other's demands. Ex: Migration to a distant destination

The consumption of fuel or natural resources is the amount of them that is used or the act of using them. Ex: NAFTA, maquiladoras

A process of social and economic change caused by the removal or reduction of industrial capacity or activity in a country or region, especially heavy industry or manufacturing industry. Ex: Information based business

The commercial organization and operation of vacations and visits to places of interest. Ex: Tourists in Cozumel

Set up generally in developing countries by their governments to promote industrial and commercial exports. Ex: NAFTA

Mutual dependence at a global level. Ex: Mexico relies on the U.S.

North American Free Trade Agreement Ex: Trade between U.S. Canada, and Mexico

A socioeconomic classification applied to several countries around the world by political scientists and economists. Ex: South Africa

The presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance or thing that has harmful or poisonous effects. Ex: Pollution in the U.S.

A generic term to refer to only one modern economic zone. In these zones business and trades laws differ from the rest of the country. Ex: Industry in China (SEZ)

The level of wealth, comfort, material goods and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class, in a certain geographic area. Ex: Russia is economically developed (income)

A process for meeting human development goals while maintaining the ability of natural systems to continue to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services upon which the economy and society depend Ex: Biological control of dengue mosquitos

The phenomenon of Western urban areas shifting from a manufacturing to a service sector economic base. Ex: 1973 oil crisis

In economics the new international division of labor (NIDL) is an outcome of globalization. Ex: China, Vietnam, and India

A feature of economic development in peripheral countries whereby the host country establishes areas with favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements in order to attract foreign manufacturing operations Ex: Free Trade Zones

A manufacturing operation in Mexico, where factories import certain material and equipment on a duty-free and tariff-free basis for assembly, processing, or manufacturing and then export the assembled, etc...... Ex: Trade between U.S, and Mexico

The sector approach classifies industries according their technology intensity, product approach according to finished products. Ex: American Electronic Association

The third of the three economic sectors. Ex: Tertiary sector

An arrangement in which one company provides services for another company that could also be or usually have been provided in-house. Ex: Design, supply, marketing

The economy that focuses on legal trade, etc...... Ex: Legal imports/exports

The economy that focuses on illegal trade, etc...... Ex: Illegal drug trade, weapon smuggling, etc......

The market value of all the products and services produced in one year by labor and property supplied by the citizens of a country. Ex: Mexico 1.971 trillion PPP dollars

Gross national income (GNI) converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. India: 4,650

A numerical measure of quality of life in a country. Ex: Russia: Highly developed

System created by Emmanuel Wallerstein Ex: Core, semi-periphery, periphery

Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three- tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world is inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world. Ex: Core, semi-periphery, periphery

One of the major historical models of economic growth. It was published by American economist Walt Whitman Rostow in 1960. Ex: takeoff

The provision of a minimal level of well-being and social support for all citizens, sometimes referred to as public aid. Ex: Support for citizens after wars

The illegal movement of people, typically for the purposes of forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation. Ex: Nasreen

The total debt a country owes to foreign creditors. Ex: Argentina's debts

A type of loan to developing countries. Ex: Argentina!

An international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programs. Ex: Helping Argentina!

An international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., of "188 countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world. Ex: Helping Africa through the crisis

The term commonly used to describe an illness caused by an infectious microbe that is transmitted to people by blood-sucking arthropods. Ex: Mosquitoes in Sub-Saharan Africa

A composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. Ex: Mexico's HDI: 0.595

The state of being male or female (typically used with reference to social and cultural differences rather than biological ones). Ex: Male, or female!

The 8 goals the U.N. has for development. Ex: Achieve primary education