AP gov chapter 5 vocab

protections against the abuse of government powers

A campaign against alleged communists in the US government and other institutions carried out under Senator Joseph McCarthy

The process by which the Federal Courts have applied some laws from the Bill of Rights and the Constitution to the states

gave everyone the right to full citizenship and everything it entitles

It is part of the 14th amendment and says that no state can deny any citizen equal protection of the law

Says that government does not have the right to deprive people of life, liberty and property

Court cases that apply the Bill of Rights to states

certain protections in the Bill of Rights, such as free speech and fee press, that are considered even more important than other freedoms

First amendment ban on laws that establish any kind of national religion

First amendment requirement that law cannot prevent free exercise of religion

Court ruling that government cannot be involved with religion

The three-part test for Establishment Clause cases that a law must pass before it is declared constitutional: it must have a secular purpose; it must neither advance nor inhibit religion; and it must not cause excessive entanglement with religion

To compel federally funded secondary schools to provide equal access to extra curricular activities

Religious private school

movement dating to the 1950s to allow taxpayer dollars to be given to families to use at whatever public, private, or parochial schools they choose if their designated public schools are seen as unfit to educate students

test by which speech is judged to be legal or illegal. it is illegal if it causes clear and present danger of producing harmful actions

Government regulations that place restrictions on free speech. These regulations, specifying when, where, and in what way speech is allowed, are applied when unrestricted free speech will conflict with the rights of others

an act that conveys a political message

a criminal act against a person or a person's property or a group of people by an offender motivated by racial or other bias

any rule or regulation that limits, restricts, or bans speech beyond the strict legal limitations upon freedom of speech or press

censorship of a publication

writing that falsely injures another person

a condition required to establish libel against public officials or public figures and is defined as "knowledge that the information was false"

defined in Miller v. California as arousing/unwholesome in nature with no artistic, scientific, literary or political value

The ability of communities to ban certain language, art, or actions based on what they deem obscene or appropriate for their citizens

Lustful thoughts or sexual desires. That which incites lascivious or lustful interest in sex

the supposed superiority of rights of expression over other constitutional rights

a situation that poses the strong possibility of risk to people nearby

Any restriction on speech must not favor one group over another.

If it is necessary to restrict the exercise of one right to protect the exercise of another, the restriction should employ the least restrictive means to achieve its end

words falsely spoken that damage the reputation of another

Advertisements and commercials for products and services; they receive less First Amendment protection, primarily to discourage false and misleading ads

The right or legal claim provided for in the First Amendment that allows people to meet to discuss and express their beliefs, ideas, or feelings, especially in a political context

The freedom to meet with others for political or any other lawful purposes

a document authorizing law enforcement officials to search for objects or people involved in the commission of a crime and to produce them in court

formal words spoken or written by a jury that charge a person with a crime

a jury to inquire in accusations of crime and to evaluate the grounds for indictments

Constitutional requirement that governments act reasonably and that the substance of the laws themselves be fair and reasonable, limits what the government may do

how a law is applied, government must proceed by certain methods; limits how government may exercise power, laws may violate this if they are too vague; limits mostly the judicial and executive branch

evidence sufficient to warrant an arrest or search and seizure

a rule that provides that otherwise admissible evidence cannot be used in a criminal trial if it was the result of illegal police conduct

An exception to the Supreme Court exclusionary rule, holding that evidence seized on the basis of a mistakenly issued search warrant can be introduced at trial if the mistake was made "accidentally", that is, if all the parties involved had reason at the time to believe that the warrant was proper

Rights possessed by persons who are arrested by the police. (Remain silent, Attorney, etc.)

putting a condemned person to death

the situation occurring when an individual accused of a crime is compelled to be a witness against himself or herself in court. it is forbidden by the fifth amendment