TODAY

1 September 2022
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Computer design software requires __________________ to be used properly and successfully by architects.
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Architectural talent and an eye for design
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___________ allows interactive visualization and collaboration over the web.
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CATIA
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A draftsman is ____________________
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Someone who translates the designers ideas into a finished image using drawing and drafting skills.
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A(n) ____________ is a licensed person who leads a team in the planning and design of a building or house.
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Architect
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By using CAD, Frank Lloyd Wright was able to ________________
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See how the room would look with various types of lighting.
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Landscape architects design _______________
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Outdoor areas
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____________ provides the architect opportunity to electronically plan and place elements of a building.
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CAD
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This structure, created using _____________, was designed by Frank Gehry. This design software allowed Gehry to have a virtual three-dimensional view of the structure.
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CATIA
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The advantages of computerized design include all of the following, except which?
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Because of computer design software, architects are no longer needed in architecture.
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Computer-aided design software can _________________
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1. See details that could not be visible with drafting or modeling. 2. Simulate designs from structures created in the past. 3. Provide landscapers with an idea if how an outdoor area will look during each season.
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Who was the architect of this design? Is this an example of a CAD? What did the image allow the architect to see?
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This design was created by Frank Lloyd Wright. It is an example of a CAD. Wright used this image to see how the room would look in various lighting?
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What are the two main functions of computer design.
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The first main function of computer design is to create images of future construction, with more complex designs. The second is to simulate what past building endeavors may have looked like, in order to rebuild a disintegrating structure or learn from past successes or mistakes in architecture and construction.
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Has computerized design erased the need for architects? Explain your answer.
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No. Computerized design hasn't replaced architects. Architectural artistic talent and an eye for design cannot be replaced with software, but instead these attributes are needed to use the software properly.
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How has computerized design improved landscaping?
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Answers may vary, but should be similar to the following: Landscapers use computerized design software to look at specific vegetation designs in different seasons and at different times of the day. It allows architects to see how the placement of objects and vegetation, along with the types of objects and vegetation used, affects the space and overall impression.
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Are there limits to the architectural designs a computer can create? Are there any limits in construction?
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There are no limits to the designs a computer can create, however there may be limits to what can be constructed, depending on such circumstances as available materials, knowledge, location, etc.
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What is the CATIA model? What does CATIA stand for?
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The CATIA model is a computer aided 3-D Interaction Applications allows interactive visualization and collaboration over the web. CATIA stands for, Computer Aided Three Dimensional Interactive Application.
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What is CAD an abbreviation for? How is CAD used by architects?
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CAD is the abbreviation for Computer-Aided Design. It is a computer program that gives the architect opportunity to electronically plan and place elements of a building. The program adds exact details and dimensions, so the architect can see how the design will look from any angle.
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Define the difference between a draftsman and an architect.
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A draftsman is someone who translates the designers ideas into a finished image using drawing and drafting skills. An architect is a licensed person who leads a team in the planning and design of a building or house.
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What did computer design replace? What were the two disadvantages to the past method(s) used by architects and draftsmen?
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Computer design replace handmade models. Models were both expensive and time consuming to create.
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What computer software program was used to create the design for the structure above? What is the main advantage to this program?
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This design was created using CATIA. CATIA allows the architect to create a three dimensional image that can be traveled through via the computer, which allows the architect to see problems or areas that would not have been noticed without the software until after the construction was complete.
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Which of the following is not one of the three Greek orders?
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Classical
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This example of architecture displays a(n) _____________
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Dome
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The exterior of an architectural structure is called the _____________
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Shell
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An arch construction provides ______(1)______, because, the pieces that make up the arch apply force ________(2)_______
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(1) Stability; (2) down the sides
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__________________ were used in order to provide spaces through which weapons could be fired at invading enemies during Medieval times.
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Crenellations
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A _____________ is a system that uses vertical posts which are separated to support a horizontal beam
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Post-and-lintel
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A truss is ________________
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A structure made up of one or more triangular units, connected at the joints by long beams
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An load-bearing architectural shell often has _________________
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Thick walls and wide base to support the weight of the structure
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The two main architectural systems of frame construction are ________________
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The shell and skeleton
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What type of construction is this an example of? Why might this type of construction be chosen?
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This is an example of a vault, specifically a barrel vault. This type of construction is very stable because of its weight bearing capacity. Therefore the structure is likely to be long-lasting.
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State the three Greek orders. Look at the drawings below. Match each Greek column pictured below with its order.
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Letter A is an example of the Doric Order. Letter B is an example of the Corinthian Order. Letter C is an example of the Ionic Order.
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Define these two types of construction: truss and suspension. What are the benefits of using each type of construction? What do these two types of construction have in common?
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A truss is a structure made up of one or more triangular units that are connected at the joints by long beams. The triangles of a truss structure keep the structure from sheering and collapsing. A suspension is a type of bridge where the main load-bearing elements are hung from suspension cables. The load is distributed to the cables, which continue beyond the structure. Both types of construction are most commonly used in bridge building.
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Define and explain the term, load-bearing, in construction. Describe a typical load-bearing construction. What potential problem exist with load-bearing?
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The load-bearing element of an construction is the location where the weight and force rests. A typical load-bearing construction would have thick walls and a wide base, made of materials such as stones or bricks, which are stacked. The potential problem with load-bearing is that the stacked materials have a limit on the amount of weight they can hold, and therefore that puts limitations on the height a structure can be.
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Explain the importance and attributes of three Greek Orders.
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The Doric Order was the oldest and most stable because of its wider style that was not fluted or adorned. Its capital consisted of an abacus and a curved, trapezoidal echinus. The Ionic Order was much more slim and elegant than the Doric Order and had a more decorative capital with spiraled volutes atop the echinus. Finally, the Corinthian Order was the most slender with the most decorative capital, featuring smaller volutes and acanthus leaves
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Explain the difference between the shell and the skeleton in architecture.
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The shell is the exterior of the structure. The skeleton is the main interior support and is made of a sturdier material than the exterior
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What is a post-and-lintel system of construction? What problem can occur with a post-and-lintel system? Provide an example of an ancient structure that used a post-and-lintel system.
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A post-and-lintel system uses vertical posts which are separated to support a horizontal beam. The main problem that can occur with a post-and-lintel system is cause by the weight is unevenly distributed and the center is unsupported, which can cause sagging over time. Stonehenge is an example of an ancient structure that used a post-and-lintel system
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What is a dome? What is another term used to describe a dome? How is it similar to an arch?
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A dome is essentially a half sphere that improves the load bearing capacity of a ceiling piece. It is an arch that has been spun around on its verticle axis
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Define the terms, architecture and architect. What is required of an architect to produce great pieces of architecture?
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Architecture is the art of building or constructing. An architect is a person who designs pieces of architecture. An architect must understand the technical skills of design and construction, as well as what is required to make a piece of architecture functional and/or aesthetically pleasing
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Describe the architecture of the image above show? (Be sure to clearly define the type of construction used) Why was this type of architecture common amongst Medieval castles?
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This castle is built in a square form, with the sides cornered off. At the top, there is a platform for soldiers and guardsmen to stand on. Surrounding the platform is a type of wall construction known as crenellation. Crenellation is rectangular spaces cut out of the top of a wall. This provided spaces through which weapons could be fired during medieval times, when attacks from opposing kingdoms were common
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Which two types of architecture are shown in this photograph taken from inside the Blue Mosque in Iran?
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Dome and arch structures
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An arch carries the thrust of weight to its _____(1)______ With a _____(2)______, the horizontal part of the structure supports all the weight above it.
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(1) Sides; (2) post-and-lintel
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A vault springs from a(n) _____________, which is supported by both a solid wall and four columns
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Cornice
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What is a groin vault?
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A groin vault has two barrel vaults of the same diameter which cross or intersect one another
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The round structure which is usually topped with a dome is best-known as a ____________, although it can also be referred to as a library
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Rotunda
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The photograph above shows an example of a _________________
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Barrel vault
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Look at the diagram above. What is part of the arch's anatomy is (A) labeling?
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Keystone
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Which of the following is not true?
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Architects are concerned only on the aesthetic appeal of architecture
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The part of an arch that projects slightly from the wall and the point where the arch springs from is called the __________
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Impost
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When the Romans first began constructing arches like the one above, they were _________________
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Positioned so the Emperor could lead his men through the arch upon returning from a successful battle or war
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What is a vault? Describe its parts and/or functions.
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A vault is an arched structure that springs from a cornice, which is supported by both a solid wall and four columns. The cornice is a set of projecting moldings that crown the top edge of a temple or building. Vaults provide increased space in the ceiling and create a self-formed roof for a building.
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Look at the diagram above. Explain what a pendentive is. Why is it important to the overall structure?
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A pendentive is a curved triangular architectural element that transfers the weight from the dome to the supporting curve. It is important because the dome cannot hold all the weight and would likely collapse over time.
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Define the following: - corbel dome - tholos - rotunda
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Corbel dome: This type of dome is made up of rotating corbel arches along a central axis. Tholos: A small circular dome structure. Rotunda: A round, cylinder structure, usually toped with a dome. It can also be called a library.
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Define the following parts of an arch: - impost - keystone - voussoirs
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Impost: The part of an arch that projects slightly from the wall and the point where the arch springs from. Keystone: The top center stone in a round arch which holds the voussoirs in place. Voussoirs: The wedge shaped stone used in round arches.
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Which civilization was the first to construct round arches? What was their purpose?
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The Romans were the first to use round arches. They were positioned so that when the Roman emperor returned from a successful battle, he could parade his men through the arch into the city.
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Describe a corbel arch, including the type weight-bearing used. What is unique about a corbel arch?
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A corbel arch is an arch carries the thrust of weight to its sides. It uses a post-and-lintel, in which the lintel supports all the weight above it. A corbel arch is unique because it is the oldest form of arch known in architecture.
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Regarding the anatomy of an arch, what is the springing line?
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The springing line is an imaginary line between where the curves of the arch begin on each side.
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Look at the diagram above. Label parts of the arch: A, B, and C.
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A: keystone B: voussoir C: impost
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Look at the pictures below. What type of arch, vault, or dome is each?
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A) onion dome B) barrel vault C) rotunda dome D) corbel arch
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Compare and contrast a barrel vault and a groin vault.
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A barrel vault comes from the extension of a round arch, similar to a long tube of arches. A groin vault has two barrel vaults of the same diameter which cross or intersect one another. A groin vault can span a broader, more varied space than a barrel vault. A groin vault can also be called a cross vault, since it is the crossing of barrel vaults.
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A ____________ is a skeletal frame constructed in a regular pattern to support the floors, roof, or walls.
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Steel frame
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The Wainwright building was designed by _______(1)_______. It is one of the earliest examples of a _______(2)_______
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1) Louis Sullivan; (2) steel-framed skyscraper
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______________ is a type of construction where the main load-bearing elements are hung from suspension cables that are then suspended from vertical supports anchored into the ground or a riverbed.
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Suspension
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The horizontal sections of a steel frame are the ____________.
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L-beams
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Domino construction uses _______________
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Vertical steel support and horizontal slab of reinforced concrete which is connected by stairways
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The photograph above shows an example of ___________________.
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Domino construction
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Which of the following is an example of a suspension bridge?
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The golden gate bridge
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What is the primary benefit to construction using ferroconcrete?
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Ferroconcrete ensures the building will be strong and long-lasting.
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This house was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and is an example of _______________.
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Cantilever construction
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The act of building or assembling an infrastructure is known as _______________
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Construction
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What is ferroconcrete? Where does the term come from? What is another common term for ferroconcrete?
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Ferroconcrete is also called reinforced concrete. The term comes from the Latin word for iron, which is "ferro". It uses iron bars, called rebar, to reinforce it.
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List what both A and B are? What is the whole structure?
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A) Horizontal I-beams B) Vertical steel columns This is a steel frame structure.
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Examine the two photograph pieces of architecture above. What building technique or material was used to create each? In your opinion, did the architect use the best technique? Why/why not? If you would have chosen another technique, what would you have chosen?
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A) This is an example of suspension construction. B) This is an example of a construction which used ferroconcrete. Opinions will vary, but should address the question directly and include justification.
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How is a suspension construction made? Where is it most commonly used?
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A type of construction where the main load-bearing elements are hung from suspension cables which are suspended from vertical supports anchored into the ground or a riverbed. This type of construction is most commonly in bridge building.
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Explain cantilever construction. Is the structure below an example of cantilever construction? Why/why not?
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Cantilever construction features a horizontal beam that extends past its vertical support. This structure is an example of cantilever construction. You can see the horizontal beams of the roof and base extend past the vertical supports, creating a unique design.
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What are the benefits to skyscrapers verses other types of construction in the past?
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Skyscrapers are cost effective and minimize space. They are also seen as examples of a nation or company's power and strength.
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Define the terms, domino and construction. What is domino construction?
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Domino is the vertical steel support and horizontal slab of reinforced concrete which is connected by stairways. Construction is the act of building or assembling an infrastructure. Therefore domino construction is the building of a structure using a vertical steel support and horizontal slab of reinforced concrete which is connected by stairways.
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What is a steel frame? What two parts make up a steel frame?
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A skeletal frame constructed in a regular pattern to support the floors, roof, or walls. A steel frame is made up of vertical steel columns and horizontal I-beams.
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What is the name of this skyscraper? Why is it important? What do you notice about the design of this building? Who designed this structure?
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This skyscraper is the Wainwright building. It is one of the earliest examples of a skyscraper. This structure is nine stories tall. Its corners are uninterrupted and the vertical lines created by the windows emphasize the height of the building to the viewer. This structure was designed by Louis Sullivan.
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Name and describe the type of structure shown in this sketch. What development(s) made this structure, and others similar, possible?
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This is a skyscraper. A skyscraper is a tall, multi-storied building. It was made possible by the development of steel frame construction using I-beams, which have an I- or H- shaped cross-section.